1. BEAM INTENSITIES WITH EURISOL
M. Valentina Ricciardi
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

2. LAYOUT
"Blocks of knowledge" to be put together to estimate RIB intensities:
1) Set-up
2) Production cross-sections
3) Production rates
4) Efficiencies
5) Possible combination of ISOL + IN-FLIGHT methods
These "blocks of knowledge" are not uncorrelated.
How to proceed?
1. We go through each block and see what we know
2. Provide this information to the user in a simple, accessible way (www)

3. SET-UP
Primary beam
Standard option: 1 GeV protons: ● on direct target (100 kW)
● on converter target (4-5 MW)
Additional possibilities (compatible with the baseline driver accelerator):
● 2 GeV 3He
● 250 MeV deuterons
● heavier ions with A/Q = 2 up to 125 MeV/u
Target
Direct target
Protons interact directly with the target material
Indirect target
Spallation neutron source (most of the heat load)
Production target (few-MeV neutrons)

4. PRODUCTION CROSS SECTIONS
Which nuclear reactions are of interest assuming the above set-up?
Direct-target option
Spallation-evaporation with ≤ 1 GeV protons
Spallation-fission with ≤ 1 GeV protons
Fission with secondary neutrons
Indirect-target option
Fission with few-MeV neutrons

5. PRODUCTION CROSS SECTIONS Features of spallation reactions
Experimental data taken at the FRS at GSI
Evaporation residues
Fission fragments
IMF (intermediate-mass fragments)
P. Napolitani J. Taieb, M. Bernas, V. Ricciardi
Spallation-evaporation produces nuclides reaching from the projectile to about 10 to 15 elements below (a few of them are neutron-rich, most of them are neutron-deficient)
Spallation-fission (from Th, U) produces neutron-rich nuclides up to Z=65.

6. PRODUCTION CROSS SECTIONS
Energy dependence
Experimental data taken at the FRS at GSI
B. Fernandez
T. Enqvist
The region on the chart of the nuclides covered by evaporation residues extends with increasing energy available in the system
Useful to:
Fill gaps in target mass
Enhance the production of IMF

7. PRODUCTION CROSS SECTIONS
Fission. Model Calculation (ABLA)
K. H. Schmidt, A. Kelić

8. PRODUCTION CROSS SECTIONS
Spallation. Model Calculation (ABRABLA)

9. IN-TARGET PRODUCTION (production rates)
Additional things enter into the game:
Target thickness, material
secondary projectiles (mostly neutrons)
decay pattern
Important: target material should be feasible!
U. Köster

10. IN-TARGET PRODUCTION (production rates)
Residue production in thick-spallation targets (D. Ridikas)
J.-C. David et al, Internal report DAPNIA-07-59, June 2007
660 MeV p
30.8 cm natPb
Experiment: at Dubna, Pohorecki et al, NIMA 2006
Calculations: MCNPX CINDER'90
Fission residue:
Evaporation residue:

11. IN-TARGET PRODUCTION (production rates)
Optimization of in-target yields: Direct targets
Courtesy of S. Chabod
Case 183Hg
Optimum target length: ~18 cm?
(extraction efficiency)
Optimum target: Pb
Optimum energy: 1 GeV

12. EFFICIENCIES On progress
Specific and precise information on the efficiency, nucleus by nucleus
(CERN/ISOLDE)
On progress
In the meantime, profiting of the valuable database(*) of yields at ISOLDE, a work of Lukić gives an
Overview on the overall extraction efficiency
(GSI)
(*) H.-J. Kluge, Isolde users guide, CERN, Geneva, 1986, web:

13. EFFICIENCIES Correlation of ISOL yields with isotope half-life
Comparison of ISOLDE-SC yields to in-target production rates
Ratio yield/produced → overall extraction efficiency for the nuclide
S. Lukić et al.

14. Same general behavior found in many cases.
EFFICIENCIES
Same general behavior found in many cases.
S. Lukić et al.

15. EFFICIENCIES
K.H. Schmidt

16. EFFICIENCIES
K.H. Schmidt
Can we extract some general tendency from the measured data?
...work in progress

17. TWO-STEP REACTION: ISOL + IN-FLIGHT
J. Benlliure et al
GSI experiment S294 (November 2006)
What is
cold fragmentation
Participating institutes:
Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Centre d’Etudes Nucleaires Bordeaux-Gradignan, France
Warsow University, Poland
GSI Darmstadt, Germany
VINCA-Institute Belgrade, Serbia
Institute of Physics, Bratislava, Slovakia

18. TWO-STEP REACTION: ISOL + IN-FLIGHT
Two-step schemes: fission + cold fragmentation
Production of medium-mass neutron-rich nuclei
1. Produce 132Sn via fission in uranium target
2. Use cold fragmentation of 132Sn to produce medium-A neutron-rich nuclei

19. TWO-STEP REACTION: ISOL + IN-FLIGHT Experimental setup at FRS
GSI experiment S294 (November 2006)
S0-S2: 238U(950 A MeV) + Be  132Sn
Z2 ~ DE
B/~
ToF ~ 72 ps
L ~ 18 m
A/A ~
S2-S4: Sn + Be  X
A/A ~
B/~
ToF ~ 100 ps
L ~ 36 m

20. TWO-STEP REACTION: ISOL + IN-FLIGHT
Fragmentation of 132Sn (Preliminary results)
Fragmentation of 132Sn on Be
D. Perez and D. Dragosavac
Preliminary cross sections are available

21. TWO-STEP REACTION: ISOL + IN-FLIGHT Energy of the post accelerator
Charge state can cause impurity

22. BEAM-INTANSITY DATA-BASE
Courtesy of Wojtek Gawlikowicz, Univ. Warsaw

23. CONCLUSIONS Consistent description of nuclide production
Calculations of in-target yields in progress
Study of the extraction efficiencies in progress
Feasibility of the two-step reaction scheme experimentally proven
EURISOL beam-intensities data-base in progress

24. Beam intensities with EURISOL
EURISOL DS Task 11
Task leader: Karl-Heinz Schmidt, GSI-Darmstadt
Participants and contributors: ISOLDE-CERN, CEA/Saclay, University of Jyväskylä, University of Warsaw, IoP Bratislava, GSI-Darmstadt, University Santiago de Compostella, Khlopin Radium Institute, VINČA-INS Belgrade