1. Bellwork – What are they and what are examples
Centripetal forces
as things that bind or hold a nation together & promote national unity:
Strong leadership- charismatic leader
External threat
Education
Ideology-Fascism, Communism or Democracy
Movement or circulation
Centrifugal forces
are things that that divide or tear a state apart: (also called Devolutionary forces)
Ethnic or cultural differences
Religious differences
Linguistic diversity
Economic disparity
Movement or circulation
Physical geographical differences

2. Borders and Boundaries

3. The Most Complex International Borders in the World

4. The First Boundaries Historically, frontiers separated states
A zone where no state exercises complete political control
Frontiers are tangible geographic areas
Boundaries are thin, invisible, and imagined lines
Boundaries have replaced frontiers almost everywhere on Earth

5. Modern Day Frontiers
Antarctica and the Arabian Peninsula are the only places that still have frontiers
Saudi Arabia is separated from Qatar, UAE, Oman, and Yemen by extensive, unsettled, frontiers

6. 3 Stage Evolution of Boundaries
Definition-a document is created that indicates exact landmarks;
Delimitation-cartographers place the boundary on the map;
Demarcation-boundary markers such as steel posts or concrete pillars, fences or wall marks the boundary

7. The Types of Borders Geometric Boundaries Physical Boundaries
“Straight line” boundary such as 49th parallel.
Physical Boundaries
River, crest of a mountain range or some other physical landmark
Cultural Boundaries
Breaks in the human landscape, such as most of Europe’s ethnic boundaries

8. Physical Boundaries Mountain Boundaries Desert Boundaries
Argentina and Chile are separated by the crest of the Andes Mountains, but they have had disagreements about where exactly that crest lies
Desert Boundaries
Type of boundary common in Africa and Asia
Sahara desert separates Libya, Algeria, and Egypt from their southern neighbors Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad and the Sudan
Water Boundaries
Very common in East Africa
Ex. Boundary separating Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda runs through Lake Victoria
Boundaries are typically in the middle of the water, but not always
Ocean boundaries can also be problematic
Most states claim the boundary is not at the coastline, but out at sea
Done for defense and resources
The Law of the Sea (1983), signed by 117 countries, recognizes borders at 12 nautical miles – with exclusive fishing rights to 200 nautical miles

9. Cultural Boundaries
Ethnic Boundaries- A nation-state exists when the boundaries of a state match the boundaries of the territory inhabited by an ethnic group
Religious Boundaries- Indo-Pak or Ireland and N. IRL.
Language- The Allies following WWI divided new states by this factor primarily. Even grouping similar languages (Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia)

10. Genetic Boundary Classification
Richard Hartshorne, a leading political geographer developed this classification system:
Antecedent Boundary-physical landscape defined the boundary well before human habitation-Malaysia- Indonesian boundary on Borneo is sparsely settled.
Subsequent Boundary-Vietnam-China border results from a long period of modification.
Superimposed-forcibly drawn boundary that cuts across a unified cultural boundary-New Guinea-Indonesia West Irian & Papua New Guinea in the East.
Relict boundary no longer serves its purpose, but the imprint is still evident in the landscape-Vietnam-North South boundary, West and East Germany boundary, especially in Berlin.

11. The 5 Dumbest Boundaries
5. Some Americans Are Stuck on the Wrong Side of the Mexican Border Fence
An American led treaty doesn’t allow for building in certain areas near the border, so in 2008 the US erected a border fence that left Americans on the other side of it…
And even that doesn't really convey the insanity of it; one farmer complains that he has to cross the border every time he travels between his field and his barn. At one point, it even cuts through the middle of a college campus in Texas. So students have to allow time to clear border security while running from one lecture to another.

12. The 5 Dumbest Boundaries
4. The Indian Town in Bangladesh in India in Bangladesh
Now imagine you live in the Indian district of Dahala Khagrabari. It's surrounded by part of Bangladesh, which is surrounded by part of India, which is surrounded by Bangladesh
So when driving across it in a straight line, it'd go India, Bangladesh, India, Bangladesh, India, Bangladesh, India, Bangladesh.
E is 7000 m2

13. The 5 Dumbest Boundaries
3. The Korean Border Runs Through a Single Table
The Korean border is the most heavily regulated border in the world, with nearly 2 million troops from both sides stationed along its 160-mile length. And since the Korean War never technically ended (they've only been in cease fire for the past 60 years), nobody is allowed to cross it.
They went ahead and built the MAC Conference Room right over the border, with a meeting table that's literally cut in half by the national border. This allows officials from both nations to sit down and discuss matters without ever leaving their respective countries. Even when it's not being used, the room is full of soldiers

14. The 5 Dumbest Boundaries
2. India and Pakistan Argue Over a Worthless Border Glacier
The two countries didn’t even discuss the glacier when establishing initial borders, after India began claiming the glacier, Pakistan sued for climbing rights.
Both countries send hundreds of troops to the glacier, and more died from conditions than conflict…

15. The 5 Dumbest Boundaries
1. The Town That Got Scrambled
Welcome to the town of Baarle-Hertog, an ordinary town in Belgium, except that it's also in the Netherlands, and if you lived there, you might very well not know what country you're in at any one time.
One story resulted in a bank getting away with money laundering because the bank was in the Netherlands and the vault was in Belgium, it took months before they decided to work together…

16. Practice Questions A federal system of government
is most common in small countries.
places nearly all power with a central government.
was rejected by the writers of the United States Constitution.
divides power among units of governance.
is practiced in China.

17. Practice Questions Explanation:
A federal system of government
is most common in small countries.
places nearly all power with a central government.
was rejected by the writers of the United States Constitution.
divides power among units of governance.
is practiced in China.
Explanation:
The number of federal states is growing, in part because the system is more flexible than a unitary state.

18. Practice Questions Libya and Egypt are separated by a desert boundary.
language boundary.
mountain boundary.
religious boundary.
river boundary.

19. Practice Questions Explanation:
Libya and Egypt are separated by a
desert boundary.
language boundary.
mountain boundary.
religious boundary.
river boundary.
Explanation:
Desert boundaries are found throughout Africa and Asia. Most desert frontiers have been converted to boundaries because of the potential for valuable minerals deposits.

20. Practice FRQ

21. Grab your computer, get logged in, and go!
Make sure your FRQ is complete…
At the very top… combine your responses into one perfect answer.
Share the document with me!

22. Practice FRQ - Answer

24. Boundary Disputes- Definitional
A disagreement associated with the legal language of a boundary found in a treaty between two states.
One country will typically sue the other in the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
The ICJ will attempt to determine what was intended when the initial boundary was established.
Boundary Disputes- Locational
These disputes arise when the interpretation of a border is in question.
If a physical boundary like a river were to change course
Determining what the “center” of a lake is when a lake grows or shrinks

25. Boundary Disputes- Operational
When neighboring states disagree on a major issue that may coincide with the border…
Illegal Immigration
Drug Trafficking
Free Trade / Tariffs
The location of the border isn’t in question, just how it is crossed

26. Boundary Disputes- Allocational
These disputes revolve around natural resources in close proximity to the border.
Any resource can cause problems if they transverse a border: Aquifers, Ocean Based Resources, Underground Minerals
Example: Alleged slant drilling by the Kuwaitis in the Rumaila Oil Field of Iraq. Caused the Iraqi invasion of 1990

27. Boundary Disputes
Some boundary disputes are centripetal and some are centrifugal within a country…
Some result in a shatterbelt…
a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals
There are lots of factors that can cause so much stress in a nation that it FAILS…

28. Fragile States Index
Complete the country profile sheet for a country ranked 1-50 on the 2014 Fragile State Index