1. Four Basic Types of Tissue
HISTOLOGY
Four Basic Types of Tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

2. Epithelial Tissue It protects us from the outside world-like skin
Absorbs-stomach and intestinal lining of the gut
Filters-like the kidneys
Secretes-forming glands

3. Connective Tissue Wraps around and cushions and protects organs
Stores nutrients
Internal support for organs
As tendons and ligaments, protects joints and attached muscles to bones and each other
Runs through organ capsules and in deep layers of skin

4. Muscle Tissue Responsible for movement
Moves blood, food and waste through body’s organs
Responsible for mechanical digestion

5. Nervous Tissue
Conducts impulses to and from body organs via neurons

6. Category One: Epithelial

7. EPITHELIAL TISSUE Cells are bound tightly together
Little extracellular material
Arranged in sheets
Cover internal and external surfaces
Often control passage of material
Classified by shape of cells and number of layers

8. EPITHELIAL TISSUE CELL SHAPE Squamous shape CELL NUMBER Simple
Thin, flat cells
Look like fried eggs
Cubodial shape
square shape- cross section
6sided polygon- surface
Columnar
Rectangular- cross section
Polygonal- surface view
CELL NUMBER
Simple
Single layer
Stratified
2+ layers
Pseudostratified
Appear stratified- but not
Transitional
Change shape

9. EPITHELIAL TISSUE SIMPLE SQUAMOUS Single layer of flat cells Function:
Location: Lining of body
cavity, lungs,blood vessels

10. EPITHELIAL TISSUE SIMPLE CUBOIDAL Single layer of cube cells
Kidney tubules, glands

11. EPITHELIAL TISSUE SIMPLE COLUMNAR Single layer Columnar shape
Lining of digestive tract
Modified by presence of cilia

12. EPITHELIAL TISSUE STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS Multi layer
Outer most layer- squamous cells
Inner- cuboidal or columnar
Function: Protection
Location: Lining of mouth, esophagus, skin

13. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR
Shape:
One layer but appears stratified
Little triangular shapes near basement membrane
Function:
Absorption and filtration
Location:
Respiratory tract

14. Epithelial Tissue Transitional Shape: Function: Expand and contract
Multiple layers of various shapes
Function:
Expand and contract
Location:
Urinary bladder, kidneys, ureter

15. Category 2: Connective Tissue

16. CONNECTIVE TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS
Most abundant tissue in your body, found throughout
Binds structures together
Provides support, protection, framework, fills space, stores fat, produces blood cells, fights infection, and helps repair tissue.
Composed of more scattered cells with abundant intercellular material/matrix
Made up of a ground substance (fluid, semi-solid) and fibers
Most has a good blood supply
Cells can reproduce
Elastic (respiratory)
Main types of FibersCollagenous fibers - strong and flexible
bones, tendons and ligaments
Elastic fibers - very flexible, ears and vocal cordsCategories of Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue or Areolar Tissue
Binds underlying organs to skin and to each other

17. Types of Cells in Connective Tissue
These cells are found throughout the matrix
Mast cells (prevents clots)
Macrophages (consumers)
Fibroblasts (produce fibers)

18. Connective Tissue

19. Extracellular Matrix
If the space between cells (extracellular matrix) is gel-like, the tissue is considered loose.
Like areolar, adipose, and reticular
If the space has some tough fibers of proteins, it is considered dense. The fibers give the tissue more strength.
Like cartilage

20. CONNECTIVE TISSUE Loose or areolar Connective Tissue Matrix: Loose
Fibers: Collagen and elastic fibers
Location: Binds epithelial (basement membrane)
Extra: Delicate arrangement

21. CONNECTIVE TISSUE Fibrous Connective Tissue Matrix: Dense
Fibers: Abundant, well organized fibers (collagen and elastic)
Location: Found in tendon, ligaments
Other: Can be regular or irregular

22. CONNECTIVE TISSUE ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Matrix: Loose connective
Fibers: Elastic
Location: Throughout body
Extra:
Store large droplets of fat
Lipid pushes nuclei to side

23. Connective Tissue BLOOD Matrix: Unique liquid matrix
Fibers: Specialized called platelets
Location: In blood vessels, made in long bones
Other: There are 2 kinds of cells
RBC- Red Blood Cells
WBC- White Blood Cells

24. Sickle Cell Anemia- An inherited Disease
Tissue
Characteristics
Matrix: Loose or liquid Platelets are specialized fibers
RBC and WBC cells are found throughout matrix
RBC are sickle-shaped
Sickle cell anemia is caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S. (Hemoglobin is a protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen.)
Hemoglobin S changes the shape of red blood cells, especially when the cells are exposed to low oxygen levels. (The red blood cells become shaped like crescents or sickles.)
The fragile, sickle-shaped cells deliver less oxygen to the body's tissues. They can also get stuck more easily in small blood vessels, and break into pieces that interrupt healthy blood flow.
Sickle cell disease is much more common in people of African and Mediterranean descent. It is also seen in people from South and Central America, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.

25. CONNECTIVE TISSUE CARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Matrix: Dense, rubbery
Location/Fibers: (There are 2 kinds)
Hyaline: Collagen fibers, found in
costal cartilage between ribs, nose
Elastic: Elastic fibers, found in ears
Extra:
Also called Chondrocytes (the cells)
Small holes cells rest in are lacunae

26. CONNECTIVE TISSUE BONE Matrix: Hardest, calcified, dense
Fibers: Collagen fibers
Extra:
Cells are called Osteocytes (small black dots)
Cells rest in small holes called lacunae
Each series of circles is called a Haversian system. There is a central opening for blood vessels called a Haversian Canal

27. There are two types of bone:
Spongy
Loose rods of bones
Ends of arms and legs
Compact
Shafts of long bones
Tightly organized

28. Category 3: Muscle Tissue

29. MUSCLE TISSUE Cells have ability to contract Function:
Locomotion (Movement)
Breathing
There are 3 varieties
Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

30. MUSCLE TISSUE SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS Voluntary movement
Attached to bones
Long and cylindrical
Transverse striation
Each fiber is multi-nuclear

31. MUSCLE TISSUE SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS Involuntary movement
Internal organs, iris of the eye
Long, spindle shape
No striations (appear “smooth”)
Single nucleus

32. MUSCLE TISSUE CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS Involuntary Heart muscle
Branched and long shaped
Striations
One nucleus, deep center
Contain Intercalated Discs between connecting cells

33. NERVE TISSUE Cells have a very high ability to: Respond to stimuli
Transmit nerve impulses

34. NERVE TISSUE NEURON Cell has 3 parts
Cell Body that contains the nucleus
Dendrites are the little branches
Axon is the one long branch

35. INFLAMMATION 5 symptoms Redness
Dilation of blood vessels (to increase blood flow (WBC)
Heat
Swelling
Clotting proteins diffuse from blood into tissue, along with water and causes adema
Pain
Caused by adema, increased pressure
Disturbance of function
Limitation of movement

36. Tissue Repair
Cells are divided on 3 groups based upon their ability to regenerate
Labile Cells
Divide throughout life and regenerate
Skin
Stable Cells
Do not divide after growth but can regenerate if needed
liver
Permanent Cells
Cannot replicate
neurons

37. Can occur by
Regeneration
New cells are the same as those that were destroyed
Replacement
A new type of cells develop (scar)

38. Primary Union Tissue Repair
Wound fills with blood and clot forms (fibrin)
Scab forms, seals off area
Neutrophils (WBC) phagocytize bacteria
Fibroblasts migrate to clot and produce extracellular matrix
Replace clot with tissue: Granulation Tissue
Scar forms