Chapter One Introduction to Corrections

Chapter One Introduction to Corrections
Penology CJ 207 Chapter One Introduction to Corrections

Objectives Provide an understanding of the breadth and depth of corrections Acquaint you w/the various philosophies and goals of punishment Reveal the role of criminological theory as a means to understand offenders Provide contemporary view of corrections and a prospective look into the future Give an overview of the various subjects explored in this text

Corrections What do you think of when you hear the word Corrections?
Prisons with stone walls and abused inmates? Chain gangs along the highway in orange jumpsuits? Inmates in white uniforms hoeing in a line in a field?

Corrections In 2005, the U.S. Dept. of Justice reported:
7 million adults (1 in 32) in the U.S. were under some type of correctional supervision 4.16 million were on probation 2.1 million were confined in prisons and jails 784,000 were on parole

Corrections The textbook definition of corrections:
Refers to all government actions intended to manage adults who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses and juveniles who have been charged with or found guilty of delinquency or a status offense

Corrections Questions?
What are the philosophies that provide the foundation for “correcting” convicted offenders? What are the public and political attitudes that shape today’s corrections policies? By attempting to explain why crime occurs (criminology) we can develop treatments for convicted criminals

Current Trends Statistics
In 1980, fewer than 2 million people were under all forms of institutional or community supervision In 2005, there were more then 7 million detainees, inmates and supervisees Check out Figure 1.1 in your text, page 4

Current Trends Statistics Concerning Race
In 2005, Blacks were 13.8% of the U.S. population, but 40% of the inmates in state and federal prisons In 2005, Hispanics were 14.1% of the U.S. population, but made up 20% of the inmate population In 2005, Whites were 72.1% of the U.S. population and accounted for 35% of the inmate population

Current Trends

In 2005, Blacks, age were incarcerated at a rate of 8,082/100,000 In 2005, Hispanics, age were incarcerated at a rate of 2,618/100,000 In 2005, Whites, age were incarcerated at a rate of 1,078/100,000

Current Trends

1 in 3 Black males will go to prison during their lifetime 1 in 6 Hispanic males will go to prison during their lifetime 1 in 17 White males will go to prison during their lifetime And we find similar disproportion in rates of conditional release (probation and parole)

Current Trends Statistics Concerning Gender
The number of female prisoners increased 37% between 1995 and 2005 (the rate was 25.5% for males during the same time period) Women now account for 7% of all prisoners From 1995 to 2005 the number of women on probation was 23% and number on parole was 12% (both rose 2% from 1995 to 2005)

Philosophies of Punishment
Corrections programs, agencies and institutions are all guided by a punishment philosophy These beliefs define both the potential and the limitations of correctional treatment

Retribution Retribution is one of the oldest correctional philosophies Retribution is the belief that punishment must avenge or retaliate for a harm or wrong done to another

Retribution The Code of Hammurabi stated: If a man destroys the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye If he breaks a man’s bone, they shall break his bone If a man knocks out a tooth of a man of his own rank, they shall knock out his tooth

Retribution The Law of Moses stated: Thou shall give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe From these Laws and Codes came the Law of Retaliation or “Lex Talionis”

Retribution In the 1970s the criminal justice systems inability to change criminals came under criticism A derivative of “Lex Talionis” came about called the Just Deserts or Retributive Justice model Criminals committed crimes against society and they deserve to be punished!!!!

Retribution In the 1990s critics of the corrections system suggested that the philosophy of Retributive Justice had evolved into a philosophy of Penal Harm Punishment, particularly incarceration should be uncomfortable

Retribution The practices of mandatory sentences and the restrictions or abolishment of parole created prison overcrowding These practices have created Penal Harm by the degradation, provocation and deprivation of daily prison life

Deterrence Deterrence says that certain and severe punishment can discourage future crime by the offender and others Beccaria Bentham

Deterrence Specific Deterrence says that the offenders is dissuaded from repeating the same offense or committing a new one General Deterrence says that the punishment of the offender will prevent others in society from committing the same or similar crimes

Rehabilitation Rehabilitation says that providing psychological or educational assistance or job training to offenders makes them less likely to engage in future criminal actions People can change and the key to the change is treatment (counseling, drug and alcohol treatment, education, vocational training…)

Rehabilitation Rehabilitation was the philosophy discussed by penologists (the study of punishment) between Critics began to challenged rehabilitation and questioned if it really worked Martinson wrote a book entitled “Nothing Works”

Rehabilitation Why was the philosophy of Rehabilitation challenged? Programs were created without an evaluation component How were we to determine if the program worked? With no hard evidence to support Rehabilitation, it was questioned

Rehabilitation Why was the philosophy of Rehabilitation challenged? Some programs had flawed statistical methodologies Rehabilitation programs that did not show success were eventually proved to be successful

Rehabilitation Why was the philosophy of Rehabilitation challenged? Some programs had no theoretical underpinnings and had no idea what the programs should achieve Some were set up to divert juveniles from the formal CJ process, but no one specified where these juveniles should be diverted

Rehabilitation Research on Rehabilitation No treatment program works with every possible offender Some programs may not work with any offenders Some programs work with a broad range of offenders And some offenders cannot be rehabilitated

Isolation Isolation is a very old correctional philosophy that serves two purposes Isolation is punishment The “bad apples” are removed from society Inmates had low visibility Inmates are no threat to law abiding citizens

Incapacitation Incapacitation separates offenders from the community to reduce the opportunity for further crime while they are incarcerated Wolfgang and his cohort studies

Incapacitation Selecting Incapacitation was developed to address the problems created by persistent offenders If society could identify these offenders early on, the full force of the CJ system is brought upon them Selective Incapacitation ensures that career criminals a caught, convicted and sentenced to long sentences (crime prone age years)

Incapacitation Questions??? How do we identify “Career Criminals?” Are there a limited number of these “Career Criminals” or would others take their place?

Reintegration The philosophy of Reintegration realizes that those serving sentences in prison will eventually be released How will inmates make the transition back into society? Something must be done to help inmates make this transition By helping inmates make this transition future crimes and recidivism can be prevented

Restitution Restitution calls for having the offender repay the victim of the community Originally Restitution was designed as an alternative to incarceration, but is now frequently an “add on” to probation conditions This probation “add on” makes probation more punitive

Restoration Restoration or the Balanced Approach has been applied to adults and juveniles alike

Restoration There are three key elements to the Restoration approach: Accountability requires the offender to repay or restore the victims’ losses Community Protection weighs the public safety and the least costly correctional alternative

Restoration There are three key elements to the Restoration approach: Competency Development emphasizes a remedy for the offenders social, educational, or other deficiencies The key is balance, each element plays an equal role in correcting the deviant behavior

Outlooks on Corrections
Today the current moods on crime and corrections is: Punishment, punishment, punishment When people perceive that correctional treatment programs are too lenient, they call for harsher punishment The public generally feels that leniency contributes to criminality and the only response to increased criminality is tougher punishment

Today there is a belief that we are experiencing a “crime wave” When people believe there is a “crime wave” they turn to policymakers for solutions (mandatory sentences, more prisons, three strikes…) Throughout U.S. history incarceration rates have risen slowly, but recently the incarceration rate has increased 50% between and another 135% increase between 1985 and 2005

This trend has caused our prisons and jails to become overcrowded We can’t continue to “build ourselves out of jail overcrowding” It cost $20-50,000 per bed to build a jail It cost $20-30,000 to house an inmate/year

The Role of Criminological Theories
Why study Criminological Theories? If we know why people commit crimes can we then develop programs and treatments to stop them from committing these crimes? Can we offer these programs and treatments as a way to stop crime and recidivism to relieve the overcrowding of our jails and prisons?

From Free Will to Determinism Rational Choice Theory Beccaria believed that people are rational beings and have “Free Will” and therefore are responsible for their actions Without swift, certain and severe punishment some people will chose to commit crimes

From Free Will to Determinism Biological Determinism Lombroso believed that people commit crimes because they are predetermined to commit crime Criminals are genetic misfits or biological throwbacks to earlier, primitive and violent beings

From Free Will to Determinism Biological Determinism If this is true, is there any correctional philosophy that can rehabilitate them? Should prisons just serve as warehouses?

Crime Criminals and Deterministic Forces In the late 1800s, it was widely believed that feeblemindedness was related to crime The late 1900s version of this belief is that there is a link between intelligence, measured by IQ scores and crime But how do we measure IQ, but standardized tests?

Crime Criminals and Deterministic Forces One theory suggests that certain racial groups are less intelligent and are more likely to live in poverty Today, most criminologist reject the Race-IQ-Crime equation because it is not supported by research

Crime Criminals and Deterministic Forces However, Hindelang found that youngsters with low IQ scores, later failed at school, had higher rates of delinquency and were more likely to commit crimes

Crime Criminals and Deterministic Forces Biological Determinants Addictive behavior (drugs, alcohol and gambling) can cause crime Hormone imbalances can cause crime

Crime Criminals and Deterministic Forces Psychological Determinants Defects of the mind cause all misbehavior, including crime The Id is the source of primitive and hedonistic urges The Ego is responsible for finding was to satisfy the ID The Superego is responsible for our moral judgment

Behavior Modification The main idea is the all behavior is the result of a learned response to various stimuli Criminal behavior is an inappropriate learned response This behavior is shaped by the presence or absence of various reinforcers (stimulate behavior) and punishers (extinguish behavior)

Behavior Modification There are two forms of corrections based on this theory: Reality Therapy holds the offender accountable for their actions The therapist develops a close relationship with the client and uses praise and concern as reinforcers and withdrawal as punishment

Behavior Modification There are two forms of corrections based on this theory: The Token Economy model rewards good behavior with early parole temporary work or education release into the community and institutional privileges Bad behavior yields punishment- loss of privileges, isolation…

Behavior Modification Psychology also provides some insight into inmate behavior Some exemplary inmates are poor risks for release into the community Why? Arousal Theory Some psychopaths commit crimes with no thought or conventional morality or the consequences of their actions

Crime, Criminals and Social Forces A group of sociologists in Chicago believed it was the geographic area, not the people who inhabited it, that held the answer to understanding crime High mobility, extreme poverty and a lack of cohesiveness Schools and park were deteriorated Public services were non-existent Termed Social Disorganization

Crime, Criminals and Social Forces Social Disorganization caused the criminal environment Cultural Transmission maintained the criminal behavior

Crime, Criminals and Social Forces Sutherland expanded these ideas in his theory of Differential Association Criminal behavior is learned through social interactions Those who become criminals are exposed to individuals whose values support breaking the law and vise versa

Crime, Criminals and Social Forces Sutherland believe there were four dimensions that affected pro-social or criminal behavior: Priority-parents have an impact on early social development Frequency-some sources are encountered more Duration-some sources last longer Intensity-some sources are stronger

Crime, Criminals and Social Forces Ackers proposed that Social Learning occurs through two mechanisms Imitation involves modeling behavior after observing others Differential Reinforcement says that people retain and repeat rewarded behavior and extinguish behavior that is punished

Crime, Criminals and Social Forces Durkheim believed that crime occurred when the social fabric of society is in a weakened state, a generalized sense of normlessness, which he called Anomie During periods of major social and economic change, society appears to reject laws and other norms and crime rises

Crime, Criminals and Social Forces Merton identified Anomie as the difference between culturally defined success (status and financial security) and the individuals ability to achieve that success (education, thrift, and hard work)

Crime, Criminals and Social Forces Merton identified five dimensions to explain why crime occurs: Goals Means Conformists Innovators Ritualists Retreatists Rebels

Crime, Criminals and Social Forces Hirschi said that Social Bonds connect a person to society (no connections leads to crime) Attachment to members in society Commitment to society rules and norms Involvement in society functions Belief in the correctness of societies norms

Correction Programs Community Based Programs
Probation and parole are examples of community based corrections efforts These programs treat offenders in the community under supervision and restrictions, not in an institution Are corrections more effective in the natural environment? Do halfway house provide a more natural environment?

Correction Programs Intermediate Sanction Programs
Intermediate sanction programs are among the fastest growing programs in contemporary corrections The fall between traditional probation and incarceration They serve some time in an institution and some time in community corrections Split sentences, intermittent confinement, intensive supervision…

Correction Programs Institution Placement Programs
This can include jails, workhouses or penal institutions These institutions can range from: Minimum security Medium security Maximum security This is based on severity of crime and escape risk

TRANSITIONAL PAGE

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Chapter One Introduction to Corrections

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