1. Warm Up
What characteristics does an organism need to have to be considered living?

2. Cells and Tissues – Part 1
Chapter 3 (pg 65-88)
Cells and Tissues – Part 1

3. Objective Checklist
Review major components of the cell and cell processes
Membrane structure/transport
Cell division
Protein expression
Cellular respiration

4. Cellular Structure Cells are not all the same
All cells share general structures
Cells are organized into three main regions
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane

5. Plasma Membrane Structure
Barrier for cell contents
Double phospholipid layer
Also contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins

6. Plasma Membrane Specializations
Microvilli (absorption)
Membrane junctions
Tight junctions (impermeable)
Desmosomes (anchor)
Gap junctions (communication)
TIGHT JUNCTIONS – DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DESOSOMES – SKIN
GAP JUNCTIONS - HEART

7. Membrane Transport Passive Transport (No energy required) Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
IMPORTANT FOR YOUR CELLS ABOSPTION OF WATER AND GLUCOSE

8. Membrane Transport Osmosis * [ ] = concentration *
There is an inverse relationship between the [ ] of solute and the amount of water present
Water will always move from high to low [ ]
Descriptions that are used are always relative—to the other side of the membrane
* [ ] = concentration *

9. Membrane Transport Osmosis * [ ] = concentration *
Hypotonic – A solution with lower [ ] of solutes
Hypertonic – A solution with higher [ ] of solutes
Isotonic – Equal [ ] of solutes on either side of the membrane
* [ ] = concentration *
IMPORTANT FOR IV FLUIDS

10. Membrane Transport Active transport (energy required)
Solute pumping (sodium-potassium pump)
Bulk transport (endo/exocytosis)
IMPORTANT FOR RECOVERY FROM NERVE IMPULSE AND BULK TRANSPORT WHEN PHAGOCYTES ENGULF PATHOGENS

11. PHAGOCYTE ENGULFING AND DESTORYING PATHOGEN

12. Intro to Cell Division Two major phases…
Interphase – cell growth and carries out metabolic processes
Cell division – cell replicates itself to produce more cells for growth/repair
CELL DIVISION IMPORTANT TO KNOW WHEN WE DISCUSS TISSUE REGERNATION – SOME TISSUES (CARDIAC MUSCLE, NERVE, AND SKELETAL MUSCLE) ARE LARGELY AMITOTIC AFTER THEY MATURE
ALSO IMPORTANT WHEN WE DISCUSS HOW THE CELL CYCLE CAN B/M OUT OF CONTROL = CANCER

13. Steps of Cell Division

14. Steps of Cell Division

15. Intro to Protein Synthesis
Proteins are important! They are major building materials for cells and enzymes are required for chemical reactions
Your genes are blueprints for building proteins
Information flows in one direction…
DNA  RNA  protein
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS IMPORTATN WHEN WE DISCUSS DISORDERS THAT RESULT FROM AN ABNORMAL PROTEIN THAT IS PRODUCED (AS A RESULT OF GENETIC MUTATION).
ALSO – MUSCLE CELLS HAVE TWO NUCLEI WHICH IS HELPFUL FOR THEM SINCE THEY NEED TO PRODUCE MORE PROTEIN THAN OTHER CELLS IN THE BODY
transcription
translation

16. Protein Synthesis (Role of RNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

17. Protein Synthesis (in detail)
Transcription
Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA
Translation
Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

19. Intro to Cellular Respiration
The process of converting simple sugars to ATP that can be used for energy
RESPIRATION FORMULA IMPORTANT WHEN WE GET TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND DISCUSS WHY WE ARE LOADING OXYGEN AND UNLOADING CARBON DIOXIDE…POSSIBLY DISCUSS THE BUFFER SYSTEM TOO HERE

20. Cellular Respiration
DISCUSS WHERE THESE OCCUR IN THE CELL AND WHICH STEPS NEED OXYGEN

21. Cellular Physiology Fermentation Use when you are oxygen deficient
Less efficient than aerobic respiration
by-product is lactic acid that results a burning sensation
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION TAKES PLACE WHEN WE DON’T GET ENOUGH OXYGEN TO OUR MUSCLE CELLS – CAUSES THE BURN AND SOARNESS

22. Objective Checklist
Review major components of the cell and cell processes
Membrane structure/transport
Cell division
Protein expression
Cellular respiration