1. Intro. to Earth Science Notes

2. What do you know About the Scientific Method?
Scientific method: Is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions about the world.

3. What are the Steps in the Scientific Method?
Ask a Question
Do Background Research
Construct a Hypothesis
Test with an Experiment
Analyze Results & Draw Conclusion
Determine if Hypothesis is Supported or Rejected
Communicate Results

4. How do Scientist Communicate Results?
Peer-reviewed journals
Present work at science conferences

5. How are you Informed by Science?

6. What Other Terms Have you Heard of that relate to the Scientific Method?
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Observation
Data
Control
Constant
Qualitative
Quantitative

7. Experiment – Practice
Question: Do plants grow larger with more fertilizer?
Plant 1 – No fertilizer
Plant 2 – 10 mL of fertilizer
Plant 3 – 50 mL of fertilizer

8. Experiment – Practice What did we change in the experiment?
The amount of fertilizer is the Independent Variable: the variable controlled and changed by the person conducting the experiment
How did we measure the results?
The amount of plant growth is the Dependent Variable: What is measured as a result of the independent variable

9. What factors Stayed the same throughout the Experiment?
Amount of water given to each plant
Same type of plant
Amount of soil each plant was put into
Amount of sunlight received
Time the experiment was run on each plant

10. What is the control group in this experiment?
Control: The group that is not changed experimentally and will be used as a comparison.
Plant 1 because it did not receive any fertilizer

11. How many times should we conduct our Experiment?
It is important to test an experiment multiple times.
The more times an experiment is tested the more valid and reliable the results are.

12. What tools can you use in science to take measurements?
Ruler
Scale / Triple Beam Balance
Timer
Force Meter
Barometer
Graduated Cylinder
Erlenmeyer flask
Beaker
Thermometer
Anemometer

13. Triple Beam Balance Used to measure mass in grams or (g)
Can be also be digital called an electric scale
How many grams does this balance show?

14. Ruler Used to measure length in centimeters (cm) or meters (m)
How many centimeters is the ribbon?
How many centimeters is this pencil?

15. Graduated Cylinder
Used to measure volume in liters (L) or mililiters (mL)
How many mL of water is in the graduated cylinder?

16. Thermometer Used to measure temperature in Celsius or (C˚)
How many degrees Celsius is shown on the thermometer?

17. Timer/Clock
Used to measure time in seconds or (s)

18. Is it Important to take reliable and accurate measurements?
Accuracy: How close the measurement is to the actual valve
Precision: How close each measurement is to each other

19. Accurate, Precise, or Both?
Accurate and Precise
Accurate not Precise
Precise not Accurate

20. What is the Metric System?
Length = Meters
Mass = Grams
Volume = Liters
International System of units
Used mostly widely in the World

21. How do we use the Metric System?
It works on a power of 10
So you can move the decimal place to the right or left to convert easily
Kilo = 1000
Hecko = 100
Deka = 10
Base = 1
deci = 1/10
centi = 1/100
mili = 1/1000
Moving decimal to left = smaller number
Moving decimal to right = larger number

22. What is an Easy Way to Convert?
Remember this:
King Henry Died by drinking chocolate milk

23. Practice Problems!!! 0.012 cm to ________ mm 1.234 hg to _________ dg
25.4 L to _________ kL
g to _________ cg
0.12
1234.0
0.0254
0.056

24. What is the Shape of Earth?
Almost a sphere = called an oblate spheroid
Bulges around the middle = called the equator

25. How old is Earth?
4.5 billion years old

26. What are the Four Spheres of the Earth?
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere

27. Atmosphere An invisible blanket of gas that surrounds Earth
Supports life on Earth w/ the energy from the Sun and the magnetic field

28. Biosphere All the living organisms found on all regions of Earth
Example: Plants, Animals, Insects, Bacteria, etc.
Biotic = living things
Abiotic = non-living things

29. Hydrosphere
All the water found on Earth, including oceans, rivers, glaciers, etc.
71% of Earth is water
Water is universal solvent
Found as solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor)

30. Lithosphere/ Geosphere
Solid outermost shell on Earth
Includes crust and upper mantle
Earth is made up of lithospheric plates

31. Practice!!! Clouds Hurricanes Litho/Geosphere Impact Craters Oceans
Air
Litho/Geosphere
Impact Craters
Oceans
Glaciers
Water
Biosphere
Forests

32. What is Latitude?
Latitude is a measurement of distance in degrees north and south of the equator.

33. What is Latitude?
There are 90 degrees of latitude from the equator to each of the poles, north and south.
Latitude lines are the same distance apart.

34. The Equator Equator is the longest of all of the latitude lines.
It is an invisible line that divides the Earth in half.
A 0˚ latitude.

35. Practice Questions Parallel 90 2
Lines of latitude are _____________ to the equator.
There are __________ degrees of latitude north and south of the equator.
The equator is _____________ degrees.
The equator divides the Earth into ________ equal parts.
Parallel 90 2

36. What is Longitude?
A measurement of distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian.

37. What is Longitude?
Line of longitude, including the prime meridian, pass through the north and south pole.
Makes the Earth look like a peeled orange.

38. The Prime Meridian The prime meridian divides the earth in half too.
It is also 0˚. I passes through Greenwich, England