1. Announcements!! Retests for Test 1: Tuesday PM
Wednesday 3:30 (if you need an AM slot, see me!)
Classical China & India vocab and scanned book pages on Schoology
Classical China and India quiz: Wednesday, 9/27
Vocab will be checked on this day, too!!
Format:
Multiple choice
Matching
Short answer (“identify AND explain..”)

2. Unit 1 TOC Key Concepts Object Activity
Prehistory & Early Civ Notes (Unit 1 PPT—can print!)
Civilization Activity
Unit 1 Vocab
Unit 2 TOC (will give you sheet on Monday!)
Classical China notes
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3. The Unification of China
Chapter 8
The Unification of China
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4. Basic things to know about china
There are lots of dynasties…many of which we won’t even cover in AP World History. Try not to get too overwhelmed with extreme details 
Many periods of unification, but also several periods of instability (ex: Period of the Warring States)
Zhou instability ~500sBCE  “solutions” needed to “fix” China
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5. Previously, in China… Periodization of Chinese Societies
BCE: Yangshao society
2200 BCE-1766 BCE: Xia Dynasty
1766 BCE-1122 BCE: Shang Dynasty
1122 BCE-256 BCE: Zhou Dynasty
Golden Age of China—Mandate of Heaven, use of bronze AND iron weapons, new tools (irrigation)
Period of the Warring States: 403 BCE-221 BCE
BCE
Period of political uncertainty/turmoil/drama in China as Zhou central government weakened & people within began fighting over power
 ability to reflect on nature, come up with new ideas for society
Qin Dynasty: 221 BCE-207 BCE
Big question: Who should rule? Should there even BE government?
Qin, Han after Period of Warring States
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6. Confucius AKA--Kong Fuzi (551–479 B.C.E.) Aristocratic roots
“Master Philosopher Kong”
Aristocratic roots
Unwilling to compromise principles that often clashed with state policy
Decade of unemployment, wandering
Returned home a failure, died soon thereafter
Sayings & teachings compiled in Analects
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7. Confucian Ideas
Developed out of turbulence from Period of the Warring States
Fundamentally moral, ethnical and political
Beliefs on ethics and politics:
Avoided religion because it wouldn’t help solve the political or social problems happening
Belief that political & social harmony arose from proper human relationships, not the establishment of state offices
Concentrated on formation of Junzi: “superior individuals”
People who were well-educated and conscientious should fill official positions in government
Emphasis on Zhou dynasty texts
Later formed core texts of Chinese education
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8. The Five Relationships of Confucianism
father to son
elder brother to younger brother
husband to wife
ruler to subject
friend to friend
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9. Confucian Values Ren: kindness & benevolence Li: Sense of propriety
Individuals who possessed this were courteous, respectful, diligent and loyal
A characteristic Confucius believed to be super important for government officials!
Li: Sense of propriety
Called for individuals to behave in appropriate fashion:
Treat all humans with courtesy while showing special respect to elders
Xiao: filial piety
Obligation of children to respect their parents & other family elders, look after their welfare, support them in old age & remember them after death (along with their ancestors)
Goal was cultivation of junzi
Ideal leaders—people who had all of these qualities and would gain influence in a larger society  junzi who could bring stability and order to China
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10. Sayings of Confucius
“What you do not wish done to yourself, do not do to others.”
“Recognize that you know what you know, and that you are ignorant of what you do not know.”
"To lead uninstructed people to war is to throw them away."
"To see right and not to do it is cowardice."
"An oppressive government is more to be feared than a tiger."
“To be wronged is nothing unless you continue to remember it.”

11. Mencius (372–289 B.C.E.) Principal Confucian scholar
Believed that human nature was good; argued for policies that would allow it to influence society as a whole
Placed emphasis on value of ren
Implied that rulers would levy light taxes, avoid wars, support education, and encourage harmony & cooperation
Not influential during lifetime
Critics: his policies wouldn’t succeed in the real world where humans and their interests, wills & ambitions would clash
Since about tenth century C.E., considered most important authority on Confucius’s teachings-ideas deeply influenced Confucian tradition
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12. Xunzi (298–238 B.C.E.)
Career as government administrator (unlike Confucius and Mencius)
Belief in fundamental selfishness of humanity—people pursue their own interests, no matter how it effects others.
Less rosy view than Mencius’s
Emphasis on li: rigid propriety
Advocated the establishment of clear, well-publicized standards of conduct that set limits on the pursuit of interests and punish those who neglected their obligations to society.
Use of harsh social discipline
Like Confucius and Mencius, believed in improving human beings, restoring order through education & behavior (FUNDMENTAL BELIEF OF CONFUCIANISM)
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13. Daoism Critics of Confucianism Founder: Laozi, sixth century B.C.E.
Thought it was pointless to waste time & energy on problems that “defied” solution
 reflection & introspection (passivism), rejection of active attempts to change course of events
Founder: Laozi, sixth century B.C.E.
Among several thinkers that contributed to exposition of Daoist beliefs: Daodejing
Books of beliefs attributed to Laozi
Collection of Daoist views: Zhuangzi (named for author, 369–286 B.C.E.)
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14. The Dao “The Way” (of nature, of the cosmos)
Dao – an external & unchanging principle that governs of the world; a passive force that acts in perfect harmony with the principles of nature
Water: soft and yielding, but so powerful it’s capable of eroding rock
Cavity of pots, wheel hubs: empty spaces, but what makes them valuable/useful
Human beings to tailor behavior to passive, yielding nature of dao
Live with sense of selfless detachment because action had brought the world into chaos
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15. The Doctrine of Wuwei
Disengagement from competitive exertions and active involvement in affairs of the world  restore order
Attempt to control universe results in chaos
No advanced education
No ambition/personal striving
Called for people to act selflessly and live simply in harmony with nature
Idea of government: less is better
Envisioned a world of tiny, self-sufficient communities where people had no desire to conquer others or trade with them…not even to visit neighbors 
In common with Confucists: Cultivate self-knowledge
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16. Political Implications of Daoism
Confucianism as public doctrine, Daoism as private pursuit
One could use Confucianism publicly while using their private lives for retrospection of human nature and the place of humans in the real world
Ironic combination allowed intellectuals to pursue both
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17. Legalism
Wasn’t about ethics or morality (Confucianism) or the principles of human nature (Daoism)
Exclusive emphasis on development of the state
Ruthless, end justifies the means
Role of law
Strict punishment for violators
Principle of collective responsibility
Shang Yang (390–338 B.C.E.)
Notable Legalist whose policies survive in The Book of Lord Shang
Was feared for ruthlessness; eventually killed
Han Feizi (280–233 B.C.E.)
Student of Xunzi
Forced to commit suicide by political enemies
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18. Legalist Doctrine The foundations of a state’s strength:
Agriculture
Military
Emphasized development of peasant/agricultural, soldier classes while discouraging them to pursue other careers (educators, philosophers, etc.)
Strict laws that clearly outlined expectations & provided severe punishment for violators
Belief that if someone feared to commit small crimes, they wouldn’t commit bigger, more serious crimes
Ex: could have hands cut off for disposing of trash in the street
Collective responsibility: if one doesn’t report known infraction, he is also as responsible as the one who commits crime.
Distrust of pure intellectual, cultural pursuits
Historically, often imitated but rarely praised
Legalist methods  end of Warring States period  unification
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19. The Unification of China
Rulers of several regional states begin adopting Legalist elements (Qin especially)
Use by Shang Yang & Han Feizi to eventually dominate neighbors
Much Development of Qin dynasty, fourth to third centuries B.C.E.
Generous land grants under Shang Yang, allow for profits  agricultural production, weakening economics of aristocrats/large landowners (Private farmers decreased power of large landholders)
Increasing centralization of power
Improved military technology
Iron weapons  Qin grew consistently at the expense of other Chinese states  unification of China under Qin dynasty
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20. The First Emperor
Qin Shihuangdi (r. 221–210 B.C.E.) founded new dynasty as “First Emperor”
Dynasty ended in 207 B.C.E., (only lasted 14 years) but set dramatic precedent
Basis of rule: centralized bureaucracy
Similar to Achaemenids in Persia—large-scale political organization; centralized rule
China divided into administrative provinces & districts; officers ran districts who served for the emperor
Disarmed regional military forces; built fortresses & defensive walls
Network of roads ~8,000 miles
Massive public works begun to discourage nomadic raids
Precursors to Great Wall
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21. China Under the Qin Dynasty, 221–207 B.C.E.
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22. The Burning of the Books
Vigorous campaign of criticism launched by Confucians, Daoists against Qin Dynasty
Qin Shihuangdi’s response:
ordered execution of critics
demanded burning of all ideological works (ethics, history, literature) but kept some exceptions (medical books, agriculture works) because they had “value”
Est. 460 scholars said to have been buried alive for criticism
Others forced from provinces into army in dangerous frontier posts
Massive cultural losses
No open discussion on literary or philosophical works for over a generation (some works hidden and later recirculated)
Because of suppression, many works disappeared.
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23. Qin Centralization
First Emperor launched initiatives to enhance China’s unity
To keep with policy of centralization, he standardized laws, currencies, weights and measures, and script
Previous regional laws conflicted with one another  difficult communication
Standardized coins  integration of regions & economy
Standard script helped with communication among different regions (used different forms of language set by Shang), communication with leader
Building of roads, bridges helped to integrate economy (interregional commerce) and to use for military purposes
Ultimately: First Emperor/Qin Shihuangdi pointed China to the way of unity; one of the most important figures of Chinese history
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24. Tomb of the First Emperor
First Emperor died in 210 B.C.E.
Final resting place: lavish tomb built by some 700,000 laborers to serve as a permanent monument
Slaves, concubines, craftsmen sacrificed and buried alongside emperor
Former practice of the Chinese!!!
Excavation began in 1974
Unearthed 15,000 terra-cotta sculptures of soldiers, horses, weapons
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25. The Han Dynasty
Civil disorder resulting from “ill will” with First Emperor (and his ambitious projects) brought down Qin dynasty, 207 B.C.E.
Revolts began soon after First Emperor’s death
Rebels slaughtered government officials, burned state buildings (bloody end!)
Liu Bang formed new dynasty: the Han, 206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.
One of the longest & most influential dynasties (~400 years)—Pax Sinica (Chinese Peace)
Divided into three periods:
Early Han (206 B.C.E.–9 C.E.)
Usurper temporarily displaced Han, 9–23 C.E.
Later Han (25–220 C.E.)
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26. Early Han Policies
Ruled from Chang’an, which became the cultural capital of China
Liu Bang (leader) attempted middle path between decentralized political alliances (Zhou) and tightly centralized state (Qin)
Created large landholdings for family members in exchange for providing a reliable network of support for his rule
Empire divided into admin regions governed by officials who served at his pleasure
After failed rebellion, took more central control
(Family members didn’t help him like he thought they would when he was captured by nomads, so realized that giving them land wouldn’t guarantee support/help)
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27. Han Centralization
Much development & success under the “Martial Emperor” Han Wudi (141–87 B.C.E.)
Two major policies:
Administrative centralization
Imperial expansion
Worked to increase authority & prestige of government
Build enormous bureaucracy to admin his empire
Sent imperial officers to implement his policies & maintain order
Continued to build roads & canals  trade & communication btw China’s regions
Increased taxes to fund more public works
Huge demand for government officials, in decline since Qin persecution  lack of educated, reliable people
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28. The Confucian Educational System
Han Wudi established imperial university (124 B.C.E.) to prepare young men for government service—civil service exam!
Not a lover of scholarship, but demanded & really needed educated class for bureaucracy
Adopted Confucianism as official course of study
it was the only cultural tradition developed enough to do what he wanted
Established as official imperial ideology as well
3,000 students by end of Early Han; 30,000 by end of Later Han
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29. Han Imperial Expansion
Besides working on a unified, functional China Han Wudi was also concerned with imperial expansion  Invasions of Vietnam, Korea
Constant attacks from Xiongnu
Nomads from central Asia
Horsemen who’d been trained since early age
Brutal ruler Modu (210–174 B.C.E.), had soldiers murder his wife, father  obvious concern of Han so they gave him tribute (food & goods) in hopes he’d leave Han alone
Xiongnu briefly dominated by Han Wudi
Area conquered also served as lifeline of trade network that connected Eurasian landmass
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30. East Asia and Central Asia at the Time of Han Wudi, ca. 87 B.C.E.

31. Patriarchal Social Order during the Early Han
Patriarchal households w/5 family members (avg); some lived in compounds with extended family members
Moralists sought to emphasize authority of patriarchal family by emphasizing importance of filial piety & women’s subordination to men
Classic of Filial Piety
Confucian thought
Taught that children should obey & honor parents and other superiors/political authorities….especially subordination to elder males
Lessons for Women
Ban Zhao (45–120 C.E.)
Educated woman who believed education should be available to all children—boys AND girls
Women’s most important virtues: humility, obedience, devotion to men (fathers, husbands & sons)
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32. Iron Metallurgy
Use of iron tools for agriculture; allowed for agricultural surplus  production of manufactured goods & engagement in trade
Expansion of iron manufacturing (cast iron: ~4th century BCE)
Han Wudi placed manufacturing under state control; 46 regional office created to supervise production
Iron tips on tools abandoned as tools entirely made from iron
Increased food production
Superior weaponry
Suits of iron armor for protection
Strong swords, spears & arrowheads
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33. Other Technological Developments
Cultivation of silkworms
Sericulture (silk manufacturing) techniques: breeding, diet
Other silk-producing lands relied on wild worms
Advanced sericulture in China  trade with India, Persia, Mesopotamia
Led to establishment of intricate network of trade routes: Silk Roads
Development of paper
Bamboo, fabric abandoned in favor of paper based on hemp, bark, textile fibers
Crossbow trigger, horse collar (maximum power out of animals), ship rudder (made steering ships easier)
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34. Economic and Social Difficulties: Early Han Period
Expenses of military expeditions, especially against Xiongnu
They were paying tribute to nomadic Xiongnu in exchange for (hopeful) peace between two groups.
Establishment of agricultural colonies in central Asia = $$$$$$
Han Wudi’s response:
Increase taxes as a way to supplement these ventures
Also confiscated land & personal property from wealthy people, even saying they’d violated imperial law to justify taking land.
Increasing gap between rich and poor
Social gap: rich wore better clothes (garments & leather shoes vs. sandals), had better diet than poor (pork, fish, wines vs. grain or rice)
Increase in slavery due to rising debt, tenant farming
Banditry, rebellion among peasants especially
Nothing was done, especially about land allocation because the emperors depended on large landowners who used peasants/debtors to run their holdings --> no serious reform to increasingly worsening problem
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35. The Reign of Wang Mang (9–23 C.E.)
Wang Mang served as regent for two-year-old emperor, 6 C.E. (emperor clearly unable to govern)
Seized power himself in 9 C.E.; claimed Mandate of Heaven passed to his family from Han.
Introduced massive reforms  “socialist emperor”
Limited the amount of land a family could hold; ordered officials to break up large estates and redistribute to allow everyone with land to cultivate
Land redistribution program confusing without proper communication & preparation; seen as threatening to landlords—didn’t succeed
Also had poor harvests & famine  social chaos  assassination, 23 C.E.
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36. The Later Han Dynasty
Han dynasty returns ~2 years after Wang Mang’s assassination, but weakened
Han dynasty emperors managed, with difficulty, to reassert control
Regained control of central administration
Reorganized bureaucracy
Managed to keep Chinese presence in central Asia
Kept Xiognu nomads away from empire
Maintained control over Silk Roads
Land distribution, wealth gap, banditry still a problem in Later Han Dynasty  Rebellion  Collapse
Smallpox: -1/4 of population
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37. Collapse of Han Dynasty
Yellow Turban Uprising
Rebellion from people who wore yellow turbans (mainly disgruntled peasants)
Late 2nd century C.E.; weakened the Han state tremendously alongside other rebellions that happened after the Yellow Turban Uprising
Internal wars & overall dissent among internal government members
Bureaucrats, court eunichs sought to increase influence, protect own interests, destroy rivals  conflict within government, dynasty itself
Collapse of weakened Han dynasty by 220 C.E.
China would remain divided into several large regional kingdoms for ~4 centuries after the Han collapse.
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38. Crash Course History: Chinese Dynasties!
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