Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution
Three Views of the Industrial Revolution Technological Change Social Change Prime Actors/Industrialists

The Industrial Age Cometh!!!
2 minutes of Gloom and Doom Industrial Revolution

Good 21/2 minute overviews http://www. history
Great for a quick reminders and overviews

Industrial Revolution -- Definition
Prime foci were: technology and organization transforming the way in which goods production was accomplished and organized --Unprecedented expansion of output and productivity Resulted in and from new organizational, social, economic, and political inventions and developments – not just industrial ones Industrial Revolution

Impacts of Industrial Revolution
QOL -- Substantial increase in Quality of Life including standard of living Demographic Transition (especially in the Western World) GLOBALIZATION -- Set the stage for modern phase of Globalization and all of its impacts Industrial Revolution

Two Approaches Technological (Machines) Approach emphasizes the mechanics of the production Social (Organizational) Approach emphasized changing societal structures, institutions, and relationships Industrial Revolution

Current Distribution of Major Industrial Regions Worldwide Note how few and concentrated these are and no major concentration in Africa as yet Industrial Revolution

Consequences in Pollution Estimated PM10 Concentrations in World Cities Having More than 100,000 People Industrial Revolution

Part 1: The Technical (Machine) Hypothesis
Source: Dr Raymond L Sanders Jr Geography University of Texas at Austin Web source Industrial Revolution

Sander’s Learning Objective
Tracing the development of the Industrial Revolution to Technological Innovations 2. Discussing its spread across the landscape Industrial Revolution

Two great economic “revolutions” occurred in human development
Agricultural Revolution -- Domestication of plants and animals occurred in our dim prehistory (8,000bc approx.) Ultimately resulted in a huge increase in human population Greatly accelerated modification of the physical environment Resulted in major cultural readjustments Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution, started in the eighteenth century, is still taking place today Involves a series of inventions leading to the use of machines and inanimate power in the manufacturing process Suddenly whole societies could engage in seemingly limitless multiplication of goods and services Rapid bursts of human inventiveness followed Gigantic population increases Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution, started in the eighteenth century, is still taking place today Massive, often unsettling, remodeling of the environment (human and physical) Today, few lands remain largely untouched by its machines, factories, transportation devices, and communication techniques On an individual level, no facet of North American life remains unaffected Just about every object and every event in your life is affected, if not actually created, by the Industrial Revolution What’s this??? Industrial Revolution

Introduction Life before the Industrial Revolution People were concerned with the most basic of primary economic activities Acquired the necessities of survival from the land Society and culture was overwhelmingly rural and agricultural Before 1700 virtually all manufacturing was carried on in two systems, cottage and guild industries, both depended on hand labor and human power Industrial Revolution

Introduction Cottage industry Most common, was practiced in farm homes and rural villages Usually a sideline to agriculture Objects for family use were made in each household Most villages had a cobbler, miller, weaver, and smith who worked part-time at home Skills passed from parents to children with little formality Industrial Revolution

Introduction Guild industry Consisted of professional organizations of highly skilled, specialized artisans engaged full time in their trades and based in towns and cities Membership came after a long apprenticeship Was a fraternal organization of artisans skilled in a particular craft Industrial Revolution

Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Arose among back-country English cottage craftspeople in the early 1700s First: human hands were replaced by machines in fashioning finished products Rendered old manufacturing definition (“made by hand”) obsolete – new definition emerges Manufacturing transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale, or intermediate processes involving the production or finishing of semi-manufactures. .wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing Industrial Revolution

Replacing Human Hands Wintergatan - Marble Machine Industrial Revolution

First: human hands were replaced by machines in fashioning finished products Weavers no longer sat at a hand loom, instead large mechanical looms were invented to do the job faster and more economically Industrial Revolution

The Water Frame (Richard Arckwright)
Second: Human power gave way to various forms of inanimate power Industrial Revolution

Second: Human power gave way … Machines were driven by water power, burning of fossil fuels, and later hydroelectricity and the energy of the atom Men and women became tenders of machines instead of producers of fine hand made goods Industrial Revolution

Within 150 years, the Industrial Revolution greatly altered the first three sectors of industrial activity Textiles Metallurgy Mining Industrial Revolution

Textiles Initial breakthrough occurred in the British cotton textile cottage industry, centered in the Lancashire district of western England First changes were modest and on a small scale Mechanical looms, powered by flowing water were invented Industries remained largely rural Diffused hierarchically to sites of rushing streams Industrial Revolution

Water Power to Finished Cloth and engineering/looms.htm Industrial Revolution

Textiles Later in the eighteenth century invention of the steam engine provided a better source of power In the United states, textile plants were also the first factories Industrial Revolution

Metallurgy Traditionally, metal industries had been small-scale, rural enterprises Industrial Revolution

Metallurgy Situated near ore sources Forests provided charcoal for smelting process Chemical changes that occurred in steel making remained mysterious even to craftspeople who used them Techniques had changed little since the beginning of the Iron Age, 2500 years before Industrial Revolution

Metallurgy In the 1700s, inventions by iron makers in the Coalbrookdale of English Midlands, created a new scientific, large-scale industry Coke, nearly pure carbon, which is derived from nearly pure coal, replaced charcoal in the smelting process Large blast furnaces replaced the forge Efficient rolling mills took the place of hammer and anvil Mass production of steel resulted Industrial Revolution

Mining First to feel effects of new technology was coal mining Adoption of steam engine necessitated huge amounts of coal to fire boilers Conversion to coke further increased demand for coal Fortunately, Britain had large coal deposits New mining techniques and tools were invented Coal mining became a large-scale mechanized industry Industrial Revolution

Mining Because coal is heavy and bulky, manufacturing industries began flocking to the coal fields, to be near supplies Similar modernization occurred in mining of iron ore, copper, and other metals needed by growing industries Industrial Revolution

Coalfields in UK Became centers for 19th Century Industrialization Consider the relationship of coalfields in the US and our Industrial Belt (now the Rust Belt) Industrial Revolution

Railroads & Transportation Wooden sailing ships gave way to steel vessels driven by steam engines Canals were built British-invented railroad came on the scene Need to move raw materials and finished products from place to place, cheaply and quickly, was main stimulus leading to transportation breakthroughs Industrial Revolution

Railroads Impact of the Industrial Revolution would have been minimized if distribution of goods and services had not been improved British revolutionized shipbuilding industry and dominated it from their Scottish shipyards even into the twentieth century New modes of transport fostered additional cultural diffusion New industrial-age popular culture could easily penetrate previously untouched areas Industrial Revolution

Diffusion from Britain
For a century, Britain held a virtual monopoly on its industrial innovations Government actively tried to prevent diffusion Gave Britain enormous economic advantage Contributed greatly to growth and strength of British Empire Industrial Revolution

The technology finally diffused beyond the British Isles Continental Europe first received its impact in last half of the nineteenth century Took firm root hierarchically in coal fields of Germany, Belgium, and other nations of northwestern and Central Europe Diffusion of railroads provides a good index Industrial Revolution

Introduction of Railroads in Europe Over the 19th Century Industrial Revolution

The technology finally diffused beyond the British Isles United States began rapid adoption of new technology about 1850 About 1900, Japan was the first major non-Western country to undergo full industrialization In the first third of the 1900s, diffusion spilled into Russia and Ukraine Recently, countries such as Taiwan, South Korea, China, India, and Singapore joined the manufacturing age Industrial Revolution

Diffusion of Industrial Revolution in 19th and 20th Centuries Industrial Revolution

End of technological diffusion hypothesis Machines replace hands Inanimate energy dominates Industrial Revolution

Part 2: The Social Organizational Hypothesis
Source: Mike Reibel - Associate Professor Department of Geography and Anthropology California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768 Web Source Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

Reibel’s Learning Objectives
Understand how changing social organization lead to the Industrial Revolution – 3 parts – organization, de-skilling, and scale Outline several stages of development in the Industrial Revolution based on Kondratiev’s Cycles Industrial Revolution

First and foremost, a revolution in the organization and control of labor Second Capitalist entrepreneurs and managers break down production into bite-sized tasks, hire less skilled workers Third only possible at larger scales due to need to break down tasks, efficiency gains Industrial Revolution

Remember! Industrial division of labor, NOT technical innovation, defines industrialization Strategic investment, not machines, makes industrial production possible All productivity gains in early industrial age were from labor re-organization Industrial Revolution

Ford Assembly Line: Grinding Monotony
Henry had to pay well or no one would stay Industrial Revolution

Capitalist Competition and Technical Innovation
Capitalist industry and faster technical innovation happened separately in 1700s Slowly, technical innovation became a strategy for industrial competition Material progress from this combination - “spirit of innovation”, confidence in humans’ ability to control nature Industrial Revolution

Product Innovation vs. Process Innovation
Product Innovation: Development of new products or new capabilities and features for existing products Process Innovation: New production processes that reduce unit cost: new machines or equipment innovations in operations management (organization of labor & production tasks) Industrial Revolution

Nike Innovation – at headquarters
Portland Industrial Revolution

Evolution of Industrial Regions
Continual expansion of long-distance trade due to transport cost declines, leads to: Greater specialization of production for export from region, less local self- sufficiency 5. Opium and the expansion of trade By 1690, the Company had trading centres (known as 'factories') all along the West and East coasts of India. The main centres were at Madras, Calcutta and Bombay. The Company started to protect its trade with its own armies and navies - very different from most companies today Industrial Revolution

Nike Shoe Assembly Dongguan, China Task split by activity And Place Industrial Revolution

Evolution of Industrial Regions
Expansion of specialized business services to match local production specialties: transport, wholesale, finance, legal, advertising, etc. The Managing Committee House of the Insurance Company "Russia" in St.Petersburg Industrial Revolution

Technology and Corporate Strategy
Product chains grow longer, leads to: Competitive advantage thru vertical integration Horizontal integration also a growth strategy Expanding markets and successful growth strategies of firms consolidates market share, Industrial Revolution

Technology and Corporate Strategy
Expanding markets and successful growth strategies of firms consolidates market share, Eventually leads to monopolies Industrial Revolution

Modern Version of Reibel’s approach – Nike Shoes
First organization of design, inputs, workforce, and sales stretches around the world Second tasks and inputs specialized by region of the world (ex. Leather for Nikes from Brazil shoe assembly in China) Third massive scale (Ex. “65% of the world’s high-end shoes or popular shoes” made in Dongguan, China ) Industrial Revolution

Nike Supply Chain Industrial Revolution

Fordist Industrial Age Includes most of Kondratiev’s Third and Fourth Wave 1910s to mid 1970s Assembly line mass production, scientific mgmt. Internal combustion replaces steam -> change in transport & econ. geography New technologies - electronics, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals Rise of corporate R&D capabilities Close, two-way relationship between industrial corporations and the state Industrial Revolution

Reibel’s Summary: Social organization lead to the Industrial Revolution Greater and greater subdivision of labor More and more low skilled (payed) workers Geography now plays a role in Globalization of manufacturing Industrial Revolution

Reibel’s Summary Industrial Revolution progressed through a series of stages similar to Kondratiev’s technological cycles Booms and Busts part of the story Geography expands with each boom Industrial Revolution

Conclusions Industrial Revolution

Conclusions The Industrial Revolution is an ongoing process of innovation and change It incorporates both technological and social parts to these processes and has globalized Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

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