1. Question:
Martin Luther wrote and posted the 95 Theses in (Think: SPRITE)
Identify and explain ONE change in Europe after the 95 Theses
Identify and explain ONE continuity in Europe after the 95 Theses
Explain whether the 95 Theses created more changes or resulted in more continuities in Europe from

2. Counter/Catholic Reformation
Church lost land and followers
The Catholic Reformation’s exemplified by the Council of Trent and Jesuit Order
Revived church but cemented the division within Christianity

3. Goals of Counter Reformation
1. Reaffirm doctrine
Council of Trent
2. Spread Catholicism
Jesuits and other Orders
3. Counter heresy
Baroque Art (icons didactic tool)

4. 1. Reaffirm Doctrine Good works Sola fida (faith alone)
Purgatory and indulgences
95 Theses
Transubstantiation
All 7 sacraments upheld
Hierarchy of the priesthood
Priesthood of all believers - attractive to many
Role of church tradition and teaching
Need priests to interpret scripture, need icons (attraction and teaching)

5. 2. Spread Catholicism
How? New and reformed religious orders like the Ursuline order and…
Ignatius of Loyola
Former conquistador
Wrote Spiritual Exercises ( ): guided steps of how to follow Christ
Society of Jesus (1540):Organization of dedicated, disciplined priests known as Jesuits (“Soldiers of God”)
Well educated (except science)
Established schools using humanist curricula
Pledged obedience to pope
Goal: spread Catholicism
Reconvert European Protestants
(ex: United Provinces and England)
Convert indigenous peoples of the Americas and Asia

6. The Netherlands/Low Countries
Civil War between Catholics and Protestants
Catholics: Southern provinces, power with landed nobility
Protestants: Northern provinces (together called Union of Utrecht) power with commercial aristocracy

7. Creation of United Provinces
Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) which will remain part of Spain
United Provinces (Netherlands) gain independence from Spain in 1609

8. 3. Counter Heresy: If It Ain’t Baroque

9. 3. Counter Heresy: If It Ain’t Baroque
Iconoclasm = violence against images
Icon = image, Clasm = violence
Protestant destruction of Christian art
N. Europe
God’s creation = divine; man’s creation = idolatry

10. Differences in Renaissance and Baroque Art
Technique
Realism, idealism, perspective
Distortion/movement, drama/emotion, illusion (involve viewer/closeness with subject, light, timing)
Purpose
Stability: return to greatness before “Dark Ages”, a whole new world (Renaissance)
Catholics: stop heresy and revive the Catholic Church
Protestants: art not for religious purposes, continue to depict everyday scenes (theme of instability)

11. Principles of Mannerism
Distortion
Drama
Illusion

12. El Greco Portrait of a Cardinal 1600

13. El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz, 1578-1580

14. Renaissance v Baroque David

15. The Crucifixion of Saint Peter by Carvaggio, 1601

17. St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City Bernini

18. Judith Slaying Holofernes Artemisia Gentileschi 1614–20 Oil on canvas

19. Music New instruments: keyboard and string instruments
Opera in Italy drew on theater, painting, architecture, music, and dance
Opulence, drama, emotion, intensity Baroque

20. The Patrons
Monarchies, city-states, and the church commissioned these works as a means of promoting their own stature and power

21. Questions What has continued from Renaissance art? Church as patron
Religious and everyday subjects
2. What has changed from Renaissance art?
New forms of art – music/theater = opera