1. What is the difference in these two chemical messengers?
Neurotransmitters released by neurons
Hormones release by endocrine glands
endocrine gland
neurotransmitter
axon
hormone carried by blood
receptor proteins
receptor proteins
Lock & Key system
target cell 1

2. Protein Hormone vs Steroid Hormone
Warm Up
Give 3 differences between the 2 types of hormones: protein and steroid (book pg ).
Structure?
Examples?
Reaction with target cell?
Other?

3. Regulation & Communication
Animals rely on 2 systems for regulation
endocrine system (hormones)
system of ductless glands
secrete chemical signals directly into blood
chemical travels to target tissue
slow, long-lasting response
nervous system (neurotransmitters)
system of neurons
transmits “electrical” signal & release neurotransmitters to target tissue
fast, short-lasting response
Hormones coordinate slower but longer–acting responses to stimuli such as stress, dehydration, and low blood glucose levels. Hormones also regulate long–term developmental processes by informing different parts of the body how fast to grow or when to develop the characteristics that distinguish male from female or juvenile from adult. Hormone–secreting organs, called endocrine glands, are referred to as ductless glands because they secrete their chemical messengers directly into extracellular fluid. From there, the chemicals diffuse into the circulation. 3

4. Classes of Hormones Protein-based hormones Lipid-based hormones
polypeptides
small proteins: insulin, ADH
glycoproteins
large proteins + carbohydrate: FSH, LH
amines
modified amino acids: epinephrine, melatonin
Lipid-based hormones
steroids
modified cholesterol: sex hormones, aldosterone
insulin 4

5. Action of protein hormones
signal-transduction pathway
Action of protein hormones 1
signal
protein hormone P
plasma membrane
binds to receptor protein
activates
G-protein
activates enzyme
cAMP
receptor protein
acts as 2° messenger
ATP
transduction
GTP
transduction: the action or process of converting something and especially energy or a message into another form
activates cytoplasmic signal
ATP
activates
enzyme 2
secondary
messenger system
cytoplasm
activates
enzyme
produces an action 3
response
target cell 5

6. Benefits of a 2° messenger system1
signal
Activated adenylyl cyclase
receptor protein 2
Not yet
activated
amplification 4
amplification 3
cAMP
amplification 5
GTP
G protein
protein kinase 6
amplification
Amplification!
enzyme
Cascade multiplier! 7
amplification
FAST response!
product 6

7. Action of lipid (steroid) hormones
target cell
blood S 1 S
cross cell membrane
protein
carrier S 2
cytoplasm
binds to receptor protein
becomes transcription factor 5
mRNA read by ribosome 3 S
plasma membrane 4
DNA
mRNA 6 7
nucleus
protein
protein secreted
ex: secreted protein = growth factor (hair, bone, muscle, gametes) 7

8. FLT Given information on hormones and feedback loops
I can explain how homeostasis of glucose and temperature is accomplished
through manipulatives, video, and writing

9. Homeostasis Animation

10. Maintaining homeostasis
hormone 1
gland
lowers body condition
high
specific body condition
low
raises body condition
gland
Negative Feedback Model
hormone 2 10

11. The pancreas Islets of Langerhans
Alpha cells: •glucagon~ raises blood glucose levels
Beta cells: •insulin~ lowers blood glucose levels
Type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent; autoimmune disorder)
Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent; reduced responsiveness in insulin targets)

12. Homeostasis of Blood Glucose

13. Regulation of Blood Sugar
Endocrine System Control
Feedback
Regulation of Blood Sugar
islets of Langerhans beta islet cells
insulin
body cells take up sugar from blood
liver stores glycogen
reduces appetite
pancreas
liver
high
blood sugar level
(90mg/100ml)
low
liver releases glucose
triggers hunger
pancreas
liver
islets of Langerhans alpha islet cells
glucagon 13

14. Glucose and Glycogen—carbs
Insulin and Glucagon—hormones
Pancreas and Liver—organs
Cells with mitochondria--target

16. Glucose

17. Temperature Homeostasis

19. Positive Feedback
AMPLIFICATION

20. positive feedback
Birth

21. Positive Feedback in Plants
Ripening Fruit—hormone ethylene
One of the coolest things about ethylene is that it is released in a positive feedback loop: a little bit of ethylene causes more to be released, which causes even more to be released, and so on.
A benefit of this fact is that you can take an unripe fruit (a pear, plum, or peach, for example) and put it in a paper bag with riper fruit (bananas work well for this) and ethylene will accumulate, making the unripe fruit soft and sweet.

22. Hormone: Animation (ADH)

23. Plant Responses to Light Stress

24. Light Stress
A plant is under light stress when it is unable to quench the light energy it is receiving either by way of photochemical or non-photochemical process.
Leads to photoinhibition and possible free radical damage

25. Photoinhibition The reduction in capacity for photosynthesis
Inhibition is primarily in photosystem II reaction center
Occurs when the system becomes light-saturated
Is reversible to some degree
Depends on how adapted the plant is to varying light conditions

26. Plant Response to Water Stress

27. Plant Response to Water Stress

28. Problems with feedback loops
-Diabetes
-Dehydration due to less ADH

29. To do Practice the feedback loop related to Glucose Temperature Birth
Plant Response to Dehydration
(use book pg 983 as a resource)

30. The adrenal glands
Adrenal medulla (catecholamines): •epinephrine & norepinephrine~ increase basal metabolic rate (blood glucose and pressure)
Adrenal cortex (corticosteroids): •glucocorticoids (cortisol)~ raise blood glucose •mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)~ reabsorption of Na+ and K+

31. Chapter 45 ~ Chemical Signals in Animals Endocrine system ~Hormones

32. tropic hormones = target endocrine glands hypothalamus
thyroid-stimulating
hormone
(TSH)
posterior
pituitary
antidiuretic
hormone
(ADH)
Thyroid gland
anterior
pituitary
adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
Kidney
tubules
oxytocin
Muscles
of uterus
gonadotropic
hormones:
follicle-
stimulating
hormone (FSH)
& luteinizing
hormone (LH)
growth hormone (GH)
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
(MSH)
prolactin (PRL)
Adrenal
cortex
tropins (tropic hormones) stimulate growth in target organs/cells (tropic means nourishment) When the target organ is another gland, tropic hormones cause them to produce & release their own hormones.
Melanocyte
in amphibian
Mammary
glands
in mammals
Bone
and muscle
Ovaries
Testes 32

33. Regulatory systems
Hormone~ chemical signal secreted into body fluids (blood) communicating regulatory messages
Target cells~ body cells that respond to hormones
Endocrine system/glands~ hormone secreting system/glands (ductless); exocrine glands secrete chemicals (sweat, mucus, enzymes) through ducts
Neurosecretory cells~ actual cells that secrete hormones
Feedback mechanisms ~ negative and positive

34. Vertebrate Endocrine System
Tropic hormones ~ a hormone that has another endocrine gland as a target
Hypothalamus~pituitary
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Gonads (ovary, testis)

35. Nervous & Endocrine systems linked
Hypothalamus = “master nerve control center”
nervous system
receives information from nerves around body about internal conditions
releasing hormones: regulates release of hormones from pituitary
Pituitary gland = “master gland”
endocrine system
secretes broad range of “tropic” hormones regulating other glands in body
hypothalamus
posterior
pituitary
anterior 35

36. The hypothalamus & pituitary, I
Releasing and inhibiting hormones
Anterior pituitary:
Growth (GH)~bones √gigantism/dwarfism √acromegaly
Prolactin (PRL)~mammary glands; milk production
Follicle-stimulating (FSH) &
Luteinizing (LH)~ovaries/testes
Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)~ thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)~ adrenal cortex
Melanocyte-stimulating (MSH)
Endorphins~natural ‘opiates’; brain pain receptors

37. The pituitary, II The posterior pituitary:
Oxytocin~ uterine and mammary gland cell contraction
Antidiuretic (ADH)~ retention of water by kidneys

38. The pineal, thyroid, & parathyroid
Melatonin~ pineal gland; biological rhythms
Thyroid hormones: Calcitonin~ lowers blood calcium Thyroxine~ metabolic processes
Parathyroid (PTH)~ raises blood calcium

39. Regulation of Blood Calcium
Endocrine System Control
Regulation of Blood Calcium
Feedback
calcitonin
 kidney reabsorption of Ca++
thyroid
Ca++ deposited in bones
high
 Ca++ uptake in intestines
blood calcium level (10 mg/100mL)
low
activated Vitamin D
 kidney reabsorption of Ca++
parathyroid
bones release Ca++
parathyroid hormone (PTH) 39

40. Regulating metabolism
Hypothalamus
TRH = TSH-releasing hormone
Anterior Pituitary
TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroid
produces thyroxine hormones
metabolism & development
bone growth
mental development
metabolic use of energy
blood pressure & heart rate
muscle tone
digestion
reproduction
The thyroid gland produces two very similar hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine: triiodothyronine (T3), which contains three iodine atoms, and tetraiodothyronine, or thyroxine (T4), which contains four iodine atoms. In mammals, the thyroid secretes mainly T4, but target cells convert most of it to T3 by removing one iodine atom. Although both hormones are bound by the same receptor protein located in the cell nucleus, the receptor has greater affinity for T3 than for T4. Thus, it is mostly T3 that brings about responses in target cells.
tyrosine +
iodine
thyroxines 40

41. The gonads Steroid hormones: precursor is cholesterol
androgens (testosterone)~ sperm formation; male secondary sex characteristics; gonadotropin
estrogens (estradiol)~uterine lining growth; female secondary sex characteristics; gonadotropin
progestins (progesterone)~uterine lining growth

42. Answer the following (74-77) Fill in reflection sheet + review area
Dispatch
Answer the following (74-77)
Fill in reflection sheet + review area
Conference with Morris cont

43. Mr. Anderson’s Positive and Negative Feedback Loopds