1. The Language Of Medicine
9th edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner

2. Chapter 8 Female Reproductive System
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

3. Chapter Goals
Name and locate female reproductive organs and learn their combining forms.
Explain how these organs and their hormones function in the processes of menstruation and pregnancy.
Identify abnormal conditions of the female reproductive system and of the newborn.

4. Chapter Goals (cont’d)
Describe important laboratory tests and clinical procedures used in gynecology and obstetrics, and recognize related abbreviations.
Understand medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

5. Chapter 8 Lesson 8.1

6. Introduction Sexual Reproduction
This is the union of the nuclei of ovum and sperm cell.
Ovum and sperm cells are called gametes.
Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.

7. Introduction (cont’d)
Gametes
(ovum and sperm cell)
Gametes are produced in the gonads.
Female gonads are the ovaries; male gonads are the testes.

8. Introduction (cont’d)
Fertilization
An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tube.
Fertilization takes place if sperm cells. are present and unite with the ovum.
Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).

9. Organs of the Female Reproductive System
Label the diagram
Organs of the female reproductive system,
lateral view.
Students should label the figure: 1. ovaries, 2. fallopian tube 3. uterus, 4. cul-de-sac, 5. vagina, 6. Bartholin glands, 7. clitoris, 8.perineum

10. Organs of the Female Reproductive System
Organs of the female reproductive system, lateral view.

11. QUICK QUIZ:
Fertilized egg implants, then divides to form a ball of cells, called a…
embryo
fetus
follicle
zygote
Correct answer is D: zygote

12. Organs of the Female Reproductive System (cont’d)
Label the diagram
Organs of the female reproductive system
anterior view
See next slide for answers.

13. Organs of the Female Reproduction System (cont’d)
Organs of the female reproductive system
anterior view
Refer to p. 254 in text

14. Organs of the Female Reproductive System (cont’d)
● The Breast
sagittal view
What is the role of sinuses in the breast?
Name the parts of the breast nipple.
Which hormones stimulate lactation?

15. Organs of the Female Reproductive System (cont’d)
● The Breast
sagittal view
What is the role of sinuses in the breast?
Name the parts of the breast nipple.
Which hormones stimulate lactation?

16. Menstruation and Pregnancy
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Day Blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular
secretions discharge from the body.
Day Estrogen aids repair of endometrium.
The ovum grows in the follicle.
Day Egg leaves the ovary and passes through
the fallopian tube.
Day Corpus luteum secretes progesterone;
uterus lining builds up.
Describe the menstrual cycle.
What is the first menstrual cycle called? (menarche)

17. Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Does lack of fertilization cause low or high levels of progesterone and estrogen?
At what stage is the egg most likely to be fertilized?

18. Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the uterine endometrium.
Placenta forms within the uterine wall.
Amnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity.
Nutrients, oxygen and wastes exchange between fetus and mother.
Placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
What is the placenta derived from?
What are the chorion and the amnion?
What is amniotic fluid?

19. Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
A, Implantation in the uterus
B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta
See next slide for labels

20. Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
A, Implantation in the uterus
B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta

21. QUICK QUIZ:
Corpus luteum secretes this monthly to build up the lining of the uterus…..
A. adreniline
B. estrogen
C. progesterone
D. hCG
Correct answer is C: progesterone

22. QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
3. During Pregnancy what does the placenta secrete?
adreniline
hCG
progesterone
estrogen
Correct answer is B: hGC, human chorionic gonadotropin

23. Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
Progesterone maintains placenta development.
Uterus expands as fetus grows.
Normal delivery fetal position is cephalic presentation (head first).
Which hormone does the placenta produce?
What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)
How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?

24. Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
Three Phases of Labor
Dilation of the cervix
Birth of the infant
Delivery of the placenta
Which hormone does the placenta produce?
What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)
How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?

25. Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
A, Cephalic presentation B, Delivery of the placenta.

26. Hormonal Interactions
Pituitary secretes:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Pituitary stops producing FSH and LH
During pregnancy
With oral contraceptives
What is negative feedback?
How do oral contraceptives work?

27. Hormonal Interactions (cont’d)
Menopause
Gradual ending of the menstrual cycle
Normally begins between 45 and 55
Falling estrogen levels
Option for estrogen replacement therapy (careful consideration of risks required)
How does the IUD function to prevent pregnancy?
How does the diaphragm work to prevent pregnancy?
What are the risks of either method?

28. Chapter 8 Lesson 8.2

29. Vocabulary adnexa uteri amnion areola Bartholin glands cervix
See Vocabulary section beginning of p. 266 for answers

30. Vocabulary (cont’d) chorion clitoris coitus corpus luteum cul-de-sac
See Vocabulary section beginning of p. 266 for answers

31. Vocabulary (cont’d) embryo endometrium estrogen fallopian tube
fertilization
fetus
See Vocabulary section beginning of p. 266 for answers

32. Vocabulary (cont’d) fimbriae follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) gamete
genitalia
gestation
gonad
See Vocabulary section beginning of p. 266 for answers

33. Vocabulary (cont’d) gynecology human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
hymen
labia
lactiferous ducts
See Vocabulary section beginning of p. 266 for answers

34. Vocabulary (cont’d) luteinizing hormone (LH) mammary papilla menarche
menopause
menstruation
See Vocabulary section beginning of p. 266 for answers

35. Vocabulary (cont’d) myometrium neonatology obstetrics orifice
ovarian follicle
ovary
See Vocabulary section beginning of p. 266 for answers

36. Vocabulary (cont’d) ovulation ovum parturition perineum
pituitary gland
See Vocabulary section beginning of p. 266 for answers

37. Vocabulary (cont’d) placenta pregnancy progesterone puberty
uterine serosa
See Vocabulary section beginning of p. 266 for answers

38. Vocabulary (cont’d) uterus vagina vulva zygote
See Vocabulary section beginning of p. 266 for answers

39. QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term refers to the inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus?
A. endometrium
B. fallopian tube
C. chorion
D. amnion
Correct answer is A: endometrium

40. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
amni/o amnion
cervic/o cervix, neck
chori/o chorion
chorion/o chorion
colp/o vagina
Combining Form Meaning

41. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
culd/o cul-de-sac
episi/o vulva
galact/o milk
gynec/o woman, female
hyster/o uterus, womb
Combining Form Meaning

42. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
lact/o milk
mamm/o breast
mast/o breast
men/o menses, menstruation
metr/o uterus
Combining Form Meaning

43. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
my/o muscle
myom/o muscle tumor
nat/i birth
obstetr/o midwife
o/o egg
Combining Form Meaning

44. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
oophor/o ovary
ov/o egg
ovari/o ovary
ovul/o egg
perine/o perineum
Combining Form Meaning

45. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
phor/o to bear
salping/o fallopian tubes
uter/o uterus
vagin/o vagina
vulv/o vulva
Combining Form Meaning

46. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
-arche beginning
-cyesis pregnancy
-gravida pregnancy
-parous to bear, bring forth
Suffix Meaning

47. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
-rrhea discharge
-salpinx uterine tube
-tocia labor, birth
-version act of turning
Suffix Meaning

48. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
dys- painful
endo- within
in- in
intra- within
multi- many
Suffix Meaning

49. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
nulli- no, not, none
pre- before
primi- first
retro- backward
Suffix Meaning

50. QUICK QUIZ: 5. Which term means removal of the breast? A. hysterectomy
B. mastectomy
C. mastitis
D. mammoplasty
Correct answer is B: mastectomy. Mammoplasty means surgical repair of the breast, while mastitis means inflammation of the breast and hysterectomy means removal of the uterus.

51. Pathology: Uterus Carcinoma of the cervix Cervicitis
Malignant cells within the cervix
Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix
Carcinoma of the endometrium
Malignant tumor of the uterus
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix.

52. Pathology: Uterus (cont’d)
Fibroids
Benign tumors of the uterus
Figure shows location of uterine fibroids.
Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix.
What is conization?
How is conization used to diagnose and treat CIS?

53. Pathology: Gynecological and Breast
Carcinoma of the breast
Fibrocystic disease
What is the most common type of breast cancer?

54. Pathology: Gynecological and Breast (cont’d)
Ovaries
Ovarian carcinoma
Malignant tumor of the ovary
Ovarian cysts
Collections of fluid within a sac in the ovary
Fallopian Tubes
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Examples: salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis

55. Pathology: Breast
Carcinoma of the breast Image A shows (arrows) mammogram of invasive carcinoma of the breast Image B is a cut section of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.

56. Chapter 8 Lesson 8.3

57. Pathology: Pregnancy Abruptio placentae Choriocarcinoma
Premature separation of the implanted placenta
Choriocarcinoma
Malignant tumor of the placenta
Ectopic pregnancy
Misplaced implantation of egg
Placenta previa
Preeclampsia
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Which term describes the emergence of the placenta before the baby?

58. Pathology: Neonatal Down syndrome Erythroblastosis fetalis
Hyaline membrane disease
Hydrocephalus
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Pyloric stenosis

59. Pathology: Neonatal (cont’d)
APGAR SCORING CHART
Assessment of newborn
Scoring 1 to 5 mins after birth

60. Clinical Tests and Procedures
Pap test (Pap smear)
Pregnancy test
Procedures
X-rays
Ultrasound
Gynecological procedures
Procedures during pregnancy
For what tests is a speculum used?
What types of x-rays are used to examine the reproductive organs?
What is the purpose of hysterosalpingography (HSG)?

61. Clinical Procedures Conization
Gynecological procedures
Conization
Removal of a cone-shaped section of the cervix.
Figure shows LEEP for cone biopsy

62. Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Gynecological procedures
Laparoscopic
oophorectomy
A, Ovary placed in plastic bag.
B, Extracted through the laparoscope

63. Clinical Tests and Procedures
Procedures during pregnancy
Amniocentesis
Needle placement guided by ultrasound images.

64. Review Sheet amni/o _________ cephal/o _________ cervic/o _________
COMBINING FORMS
amni/o _________
cephal/o _________
cervic/o _________
chori/o, chorion/o _________
colp/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
Answers on next slide

65. Review Sheet (cont’d) amni/o amnion cephal/o head
COMBINING FORMS
amni/o amnion
cephal/o head
cervic/o cervix, neck
chori/o, chorion/o chorion
colp/o vagina
Combining Form Meaning

66. Review Sheet (cont’d) culd/o _________ episi/o _________
COMBINING FORMS
culd/o _________
episi/o _________
galact/o _________
gynec/o _________
hyster/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
Answers on next slide.

67. Review Sheet (cont’d) culd/o cul-de-sac episi/o vulva galact/o milk
COMBINING FORMS
culd/o cul-de-sac
episi/o vulva
galact/o milk
gynec/o woman, female
hyster/o uterus, womb
Combining Form Meaning

68. Review Sheet (cont’d) lact/o _________ mamm/o _________
COMBINING FORMS
lact/o _________
mamm/o _________
mast/o _________
men/o _________
metr/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
Answers on next slide.

69. Review Sheet (cont’d) lact/o milk mamm/o breast mast/o breast
COMBINING FORMS
lact/o milk
mamm/o breast
mast/o breast
men/o menses, menstruation
metr/o uterus
Combining Form Meaning

70. Review Sheet (cont’d) my/o _________ myom/o _________ nat/i _________
COMBINING FORMS
my/o _________
myom/o _________
nat/i _________
obstetr/o _________
olig/o _________
o/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
Answers on next slide.

71. Review Sheet (cont’d) my/o muscle myom/o muscle tumor nat/i birth
COMBINING FORMS
my/o muscle
myom/o muscle tumor
nat/i birth
obstetr/o midwife
olig/o scanty
o/o egg
Combining Form Meaning

72. Review Sheet (cont’d) oophor/o _________ ov/o _________
COMBINING FORMS
oophor/o _________
ov/o _________
ovari/o _________
ovul/o _________
perine/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
Answers on next slide.

73. Review Sheet (cont’d) oophor/o ovary ov/o egg ovari/o ovary ovul/o egg
COMBINING FORMS
oophor/o ovary
ov/o egg
ovari/o ovary
ovul/o egg
perine/o perineum
Combining Form Meaning

74. Review Sheet (cont’d) phor/o _________ py/o _________
COMBINING FORMS
phor/o _________
py/o _________
salping/o _________
uter/o _________
vagin/o _________
vulv/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
Answers on next slide.

75. Review Sheet (cont’d) phor/o to bear py/o pus
COMBINING FORMS
phor/o to bear
py/o pus
salping/o fallopian tubes
uter/o uterus
vagin/o vagina
vulv/o vulva
Combining Form Meaning

76. Review Sheet (cont’d) -arche _________ -cele _________
SUFFIXES
-arche _________
-cele _________
-cyesis _________
-ectasis _________
-ectomy _________
Suffix Meaning
Answers on next slide.

77. Review Sheet (cont’d) -arche beginning -cele hernia -cyesis pregnancy
SUFFIXES
-arche beginning
-cele hernia
-cyesis pregnancy
-ectasis stretching, dilation
-ectomy removal, excision
Suffix Meaning

78. Review Sheet (cont’d) -flexion _________ -genesis _________
SUFFIXES
-flexion _________
-genesis _________
-gravida _________
-itis _________
-pareunia _________
-parous _________
Suffix Meaning
Answers on next slide.

79. Review Sheet (cont’d) -flexion flexible -genesis producing; forming
SUFFIXES
-flexion flexible
-genesis producing; forming
-gravida pregnancy
-itis inflammation
-pareunia sexual intercourse
-parous to bear, bring forth
Suffix Meaning

80. Review Sheet (cont’d) -plasia _________ -plasty _________
SUFFIXES
-plasia _________
-plasty _________
-ptosis _________
-rrhagia _________
-rrhaphy _________
Suffix Meaning
Answers on next slide.

81. Review Sheet (cont’d) -plasia development, formation
SUFFIXES
-plasia development, formation
-plasty surgical repair
-ptosis dropping, sagging
-rrhagia bursting forth (blood)
-rrhaphy suture
Suffix Meaning

82. Review Sheet (cont’d) -rrhea _________ -salpinx _________
SUFFIXES
-rrhea _________
-salpinx _________
-scopy _________
-stenosis _________
-stomy _________
Suffix Meaning
Answers on next slide.

83. Review Sheet (cont’d) -rrhea discharge -salpinx uterine tube
SUFFIXES
-rrhea discharge
-salpinx uterine tube
-scopy visual examination
-stenosis tightening
-stomy new opening
Suffix Meaning

84. Review Sheet (cont’d) -tocia _________ -tomy _________
SUFFIXES
-tocia _________
-tomy _________
-tresia _________
-version _________
Suffix Meaning
Answers on next slide.

85. Review Sheet (cont’d) -tocia labor, birth -tomy process of cutting
SUFFIXES
-tocia labor, birth
-tomy process of cutting
-tresia opening
-version act of turning
Suffix Meaning

86. Review Sheet (cont’d) bi- _________ dys- _________ endo- _________
PREFIXES
bi- _________
dys- _________
endo- _________
in- _________
intra- _________
multi- _________
Prefix Meaning
Answers on next slide.

87. Review Sheet (cont’d) bi- two dys- painful endo- within in- in
PREFIXES
bi- two
dys- painful
endo- within
in- in
intra- within
multi- many
Prefix Meaning

88. Review Sheet (cont’d) nulli- _________ oxy- _________ peri- _________
PREFIXES
nulli- _________
oxy- _________
peri- _________
pre- _________
Prefix Meaning
Answers on next slide.

89. Review Sheet (cont’d) nulli- no, not, none oxy- swift, sharp
PREFIXES
nulli- no, not, none
oxy- swift, sharp
peri- surrounding
pre- before
Prefix Meaning

90. Review Sheet (cont’d) primi- _________ pseudo- _________
PREFIXES
primi- _________
pseudo- _________
retro- _________
uni- _________
Prefix Meaning
Answers on next slide.

91. Review Sheet (cont’d) primi- first pseudo- false retro- backward
PREFIXES
primi- first
pseudo- false
retro- backward
uni- one
Prefix Meaning