1. Dependency Theories

2. Lesson 1: Learning Outcomes
Learning Outcome: to understand the context, key concepts, and colonialism links to Dependency theory.
ALL: Define the key concepts.
MOST: Analyse the effects of colonialism on developing countries.
SOME: Evaluate the positive impact of colonialism.

3. Context: Counter theory to modernisation theory
Dependency theory was developed as a response to modernisation theory
In many respects it is the opposite to modernisation theory and is neo-Marxist developing in the era of the ‘radical’ 1970s at a time when protest movements were strong, especially against the war in Vietnam and those for greater rights for women and for minorities were widespread
Where modernisation theory comes clearly from the developed world, dependency theory takes perspective of developing countries, seen as a ‘view from the south’, based on Latin American economies, such as dependency theorist Andre Gunder Frank.
He argued underdevelopment paved the way for the development of the West.
Dependency is created by international capitalist systems. Division of labour- poor countries provide raw materials, cheap labour- the western more developed countries (former colonial powers) got these products exported to them and then sold in the international market. Some money does go into the poorer nations to build roads/infrastructure to help access to raw materials. The dominant country decide where / what money is spent.

4. Core / Periphery Model: World Capitalist System (since 1500s)

5. Key Concepts
Check your understanding of the key concepts on p.79. Then we will pay ‘You say we pay’ to check our understanding.

7. Player 1 Colonialism Core Nations Tariffs De-skilling Polariazation
World Systems theory

8. Player 2 Dependency Periphery Nations Primary Products Commodification
Imperial
Neo-colonialism

9. Key ideas in the Dependency theory
Rejects the modernisation theory- problems are imposed on the Third world not in them.
Capitalism is based on exploitation and that is not ok
The reason these places are poor and under-developed are because of the structure of exploitation, capitalism and world trade. Modernisation tends to forget the historic experience of the Third World.
The rich countries benefit from the under-developed ones, by means of cheap labour and raw materials
They want nationalism and self-reliance from under-developed countries, not reliance on Aid.

10. An introduction to Imperialism
4 minutes onwards minutes.
The Scramble for Africa?

11. Key Thinker: ANDRE FRANK
Influenced by the United Nations Economic Commission on Latin America & The Cuban Revolution.
TASK: Summarise the two phases of exploitation (Slavery & Colonialism) of LEDCs according to Frank (p.72-73, ) Do this as a Mind Map, in Bullet Points, or as a Timeline.

12. Two Phases of Exploitation
Mercantile Capitalism; essentially in the 15th and 16th centuries Europeans went all over the world trading goods and selling them back in Europe for loads more than they were worth. Then they started to force and threaten traders into free trade, often plundering and stealing rather than trading. This saw the beginning of the Triangular trade from Europe, West Africa and the Americas. Because the Europeans were so profit thirsty they destroyed entire complex and stable societies.
Colonialism; It got worse, not only did they kill loads of people, the Europeans (Brits and French) decided to take direct control of lands rather than just violently trade with them. These places were exploited for extra cheap goods, and local industry was destroyed so that it wouldn’t become competition. Everything was turned into money so that the workers could pay taxes through their wages. This led to a legacy of exploitation and lasting benefits for the West.

13. Lesson 2: Learning Outcomes
LO – to understand how slavery and colonialism still exist in the 21st century
ALL: To explain aspects of how neo-colonialism works.
MOST: To apply this to modern examples.
SOME: To generalise the arguments of neo-colonial dependency theory.

14. Connect
Write down three things you remember about Dependency theory (aims, key concepts, thinkers, general ideas)

15. Intro Verbal - Third Phase of Exploitation
Neo-colonialism; Essentially in the end, Europe stopped holding direct control over colonies, but instead just controlled their economy indirectly (according to dependency theorists) through giving them a market to sell their ridiculously under priced produce to. But because the ex-colonies were brainwashed by western ideas they wanted freedom and Europe didn’t want that, so there were wars. For example, in Malaysia and Algeria.

16. The Legacy of Colonialism- how it affects under-developed countries
Dependency Theorists say that history of these developing countries puts them on a whole different level to already developed countries. Potter (2000) says there is some stuff still left behind after the colonialism years that is present today;
Being ruled: During the colonialism period the decisions for the country were made by outside forces; now they are vulnerable to outside forces as they don’t have this back bone now and can be exploited. Not only that, they now don’t have any experience on how to rule!
Force: Colonial powers took down the opposition by force in developing governments so they would be uncontested, now they are gone this method still lives on in corrupt governments.
Economy: Because the colonial powers controlled their economy through the governments, the people didn’t know how to and no ruling class formed, making them start from scratch again when the colonial powers left.
Ideology: The colonial powers before taking over had to persuade them that they had a right to take over as the bigger and better force, that ideology is still present and needs to change.

17. NEO COLONIALISM IN AFRICA
PART TWO – ONLY – INTRO TO NEOCOLONIALISM
First 4 minutes – Students look out for 4 ways that ‘the West’ is establishing control over the developing world through Neocolonialism.

18. NEO-COLONIALISM IN AFRICA
Aid money given during the Cold War for political influence, eg. Cuban Missile Crisis, American Air Bases in Israel.
TNC control of natural resources, eg. Diamond mines in Sierra Leone, Oil in Nigeria. These are ‘sold off’ by corrupt leaders.
TNC control over pharmaceutical medicine through patents to cure AIDS, Chloera, Malaria. Cheap alternatives can’t be produced in the developing world.
Birth Control – AID focussed on family planning – keeping the population down.

19. DEEPER MEANING – Group Work
In groups, make extended notes on one of the three sections (p.73-75)
World Trade
Commodity dependence & local elites
Transnational Exploitation

20. DEEPER MEANING World Trade
1) What could happen if demand for Primary Products decreased?
2) Why do Western countries reap the main benefits from raw materials?
3) How has inflation affected manufactured goods vs primary products?
4) How can exports drive down the economy of weaker nations?
Commodity Dependence & Local Elites
1) Where do these local elites descend from?
2) How have local elites used threats of violence to assure the co-operation of the masses?
Transnational Exploitation
1) What is the comparison made between nation states and TNCs in relation to the economy?
2) Name two examples of TNCs acting irrationally in developing countries
Stretch) What it TTIP? How does it relate?

21. Homework: Demonstrate your understanding
Create a poster by a local ‘Third World First’ group showing how the South is trapped into a dependent relationship with the North.
Use specific country examples to highlight your points.
Also complete essay targets (two paragraphs minimum) in green pen.

22. Learning Check
Summarise neo-colonialism using the following key words:
Colony
Markets
Tariffs / AID
Production
TNC
World Trade Organisation
Debt
Urbanisation

23. Lesson 3 Learning Outcomes
LO – to explore the practicalities of dependency, and evaluate the theory
ALL: To identify and explain problems of trade traps.
MOST: To propose practical solutions to underdevelopment.
SOME: To evaluate the usefulness of Development Theory.

24. Recap Name the three stages of exploitation.
What case study countries were mentioned?
Make one positive and one negative evaluation point about Dependency theory.

25. Connect Recap of Dependency Theory (Just Evaluation)

26. Solutions to Dependency (Strengths)
Dependency Theorists say that they need to get out of the dependant relationship and look after themselves for a bit. Keep out foreign capital for a while, as well as isolating themselves like China or Cuba for a bit, and breaking away when the metropolis is weak (e.g a war). See Case Studies on Page 193 (Slide 31)
Today D. Theorists are seen as a critical theory of modernisation rather than an explanation for how to develop. EVALUATION
+Highlights external barriers
+Formed basis of other theories, like Wallersteins world systems model
-Over-generalises about the long term impact of colonialism, and no practical solutions for overcoming underdevelopment
-Defining and measuring development/exploitation; Frank doesn’t do it too well. Myrdal (1968) have attempted to measure this process by measuring the investment put into a country and the profit taken out of it. But this doesn’t work. 

27. TASK Criticisms of Dependency Theory.
Read through section in textbook, highlighting key points, then select the four most important that you can use in your essay.
CREATE A TABLE OF POSITIVE & NEGATIVE EVALUATION found using Ipads for research.
Pick out some countries to use as Case Studies

28. Practice Question
New Specification: Identify & Explain two criticisms that other sociologists might make of dependency theory (10 marks)

29. Practice Question

30. HOMEWORK TASK EVALUATION: Solutions to Underdevelopment / Dependency
Create a Mind Map: relating your
Answer to specific examples

32. HOMEWORK
1) FOR NEXT LESSON: Create a short plan (10 lines maximum) to complete a timed assessment on Dependency theory during the next lesson. Remember to include examples / case studies in your writing. Complete Handout too.
2) FOR NEXT WEEK: Complete DIRT targets in Green Pen for Modernisation Essay.

33. Evaluate the contribution of dependency theorists to our understanding of global development (20 marks)
Introduction – Discuss it as an alternative to Modernisation, and Summarise main 2-3 ideas of the theory.
Part 1 (1-3 Paragraphs) Discuss three stages of exploitation / external barriers (A01) and apply them to say how they related to development and underdevelopment (A02). How have these processes had an impact?
Part 2 (1-3 Paragraphs) Discuss strengths & weaknesses (A03) – Can you now start to interlink Modernisation Theory to make criticisms / show differences?
Conclusion – Discuss impact on developing countries, and influence on World Systems Theory.

34. DIRT Targets
T – Discuss the three stage of exploitation in more depth (A01) and link to effects on development (A02) T – Add more Case Studies / examples to highlight exploitation and/or solutions to dependency (A01/A02) T – Add more sentences that apply your learning, e.g. This shows that… The effect on development is …. This is similar / different to XXXXX theory because… (A02) T – More evaluation needed, write out two additional paragraphs that focus solely on strengths / weaknesses of the theory (A03) T – Contrast with / directly criticise from a Modernisation Theory perspective (A03). T – Now you know some Neoliberalism theory, write out a few sentences that criticise Dependency Theory. (A03)

35. General Advice
Ultimately Dependency is a form of Socialist / Marxist development theory – in direct conflict to Modernisation & Neoliberalist Theory, which are associated with Capitalist forms of development.
Mention the fact that Modernisation & Neoliberalism tends to look at economic development (GNP & GNI) whereas Dependency is more concerned with Social Factors (Public Services, Access to Healthcare / Education).
Use Case Studies – Cuba to highlight ‘solutions to dependency’, an active form of development.
A02 Points for Stages of Exploitation – say how it links to development / effects development, and the long term effects of colonialism.
50% of your essay should be Strengths / Weaknesses (Use as many as you can in your disposal: powerpoints, textbook, screencast, websites, 80 page student booklet)

36. Lesson 4 Timed essay (50 minutes)
Evaluate the contribution of Dependency Theory to our understanding of development and underdevelopment (20 marks)

37. Lesson 5
Marxist Theories of Development

38. Key Concepts
Under-development
Dependency
World system

39. Key Ideas
Marx didn’t talk about Global Development, he characterised the WC as the same and the RC as the same, he didn’t try to explain why some countries developed and some didn’t. He said that they all developed in the same way.
Because societies develop in the same way Capitalism will eventually destroy itself; because it is fuelled by exploitation, they will realise they are being exploited and overthrow the systems. For example Greece came from a stable capitalist country but had an economic collapse and was bailed out, but now it is an unstable political state– it could become a communist society like Marx said, we don’t know this, we just know capitalism fell. Also in Greece a left wing party are now ruling.
It tells us what is actually happening; showing a different way of development. Modernisation shows a undeveloped society going to a developed society. Marx shows us the internal conditions of each society; The first world have a lot of wage inequality, 80% of the countries wealth is owned by a small percent of the population.
In the world today there are some things going on that are more communitarian; helping for the sake of helping rather than individual benefit. For example the Cuban health workers have gone to effected African countries which have ebola to help them, with no benefit to themselves. It is working class helping working class. He says that people are not selfish. FRANK – GLOBALISED CAPITALISM FORCES COUNTRIES INTO A STATE OF UNDER-DEVELOPMENT. THEY CANT COMPETE WITH HIGH TECH COUNTRIES. - HIGH PROFIT THINGS LIKE CARS ETC. INSTEAD THEY TRADE COMODOTIES LIKE COFFEE. THEY REMAIN UNDER-DEVELOPED.
The divisions between the working class in England, India and Scandinavia are all another false consciousness and we should see ourselves have having one shared exploited experience and band together.
It helps us see that aid creates dependency, and that dependency really perpetuates inequality. It gives us a false consciousness that there is equality; the people in under-developed countries will not question the way that back in colonial times their resources were stripped bare and that’s why they are there now. Capitalism is not fair but they think it is.
It might give us a way to look forward to how development might occur; all societies develop in an evolutionary way and once capitalism has collapsed we shall live in a much more fair and equal society. The high consumer society we live in will collapse. The elite/rich/wealthy nations will not release their wealth voluntarily. Working classes have to help themselves. Micro credit scheme gives small investments with no equity to small poor populations to help them. For example, Grameen bank.