1. Developmental Psychology
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social changes throughout the lifespan.

2. What are maturation stages (of baby)?
What is a zygote, an embryo, a fetus?
What are Ainsworth’s attachment styles?
What are Diane Baumrind’s parenting styles?
Who is Piaget?
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
Who is Erik Erikson?
What are Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?
What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
How do we study developmental psychology?

3. Prenatal Development
Conception begins with the drop of an egg and the release of about 200 million sperm.
The sperm seeks out the egg and attempts to penetrate the eggs surface.

4. Once the sperm penetrates the egg- we have a fertilized egg called……..
The Zygote
The first stage of prenatal development. Lasts about two weeks and consists of rapid cell division.

5. The Zygote Stage
Less than half of all zygotes survive first two weeks.
About 10 days after conception, the zygote will attach itself to the uterine wall.
The outer part of the zygote becomes the placenta (which filters nutrients).

6. After two weeks, the zygote develops into a
Embryo

7. The Embryo Stage Lasts about 6 weeks.
Heart begins to beat and the organs begin to develop.
The “baby” is more vulnerable to damage at this stage than any others. Don’t drink or do drugs!

8. By nine weeks we have something that looks unmistakably human…
A Fetus

9. The Fetus Stage
By about the 6th month, the stomach and other organs have formed enough to survive outside of mother.
At this time the baby can hear (and recognize) sounds and respond to light.

10. Teratogens harmful agents to the prenatal environment

11. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women’s heavy drinking.
Severe cases symptoms include facial disproportions.

12. So what will a healthy newborn do?
Reflexes
Rooting Reflex- a babies tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open mouth and search for a nipple.
Turn towards human voices.
Gaze longer at human face like images.

13. The _____ is the structure that allows nutrients to pass from the mom to the fetus.
A. zygote
B. amnion
C. uterus
D. placenta

14. The embryonic stage of prenatal development refers to the
A. formation of a zygote
B. implantation of the fertilized egg on the uterine wall
C. the 2nd through 8th weeks of prenatal development
D. the last 7 months of pregnacy

15. Maria is concerned about taking OTC allergy meds while pregnant
Maria is concerned about taking OTC allergy meds while pregnant. She should be most concerned if her pregnancy is at
A. placental stage
B. germinal stage
C. fetal stage
D. embryonic stage

16. The 3rd stage of prenatal development lasts from 2 months til the end is called
A. postgerminal stage
B. embryonic stage
C. fetal stage
D. postnatal stage

17. Maturation Maturation is the physical development of a person.
First you roll over, then crawl, then walk, then run.
Some babies skip crawling but that can be bad for cognitive development.

18. Infancy and Childhood
Social Development

19. Stranger Anxiety

20. Attachment
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress in separation.

21. Factors of Attachment
Body Contact
Familiarity
Responsive Parenting

22. Body Contact Then this guy came along……..
It was first assumed that infants became attached to those who satisfied their need for nourishment.
Then this guy came along……..

23. Harry Harlow and his
Discovered that monkeys preferred the soft body contact comfort of a cloth mother, over the nourishment of a hard/wirily mother.

24. Familiarity
Attachments based on familiarity are formed during our critical periods. .

25. In general, a critical period is a limited time in which an event can occur, usually to result in some kind of transformation. A "critical period" in developmental psychology is a time in the early stages of an organism's life during which it displays a heightened sensitivity to certain environmental stimuli, and develops in particular ways due to experiences at this time. If the organism does not receive the appropriate stimulus during this "critical period", it may be difficult, ultimately less successful, or even impossible, to develop some functions later in life the optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development

26. Konrad Lorenz
Konrad Lorenz studied how goslings (baby geese) will imprint themselves to a human if they get human exposure during a critical period

27. Same with dogs

28. Responsive Parenting Mary Ainsworth Stranger Paradigm
Do parents play a part in your attachment?
Mary Ainsworth Stranger Paradigm
Van den Boom’s Research

29. Deprivation of Attachment
Often withdrawn, frightened and in extreme cases speechless.
Harlow’s monkeys would either cower in fright or act extremely aggressive. Many could not mate and if they could, the mothers were unresponsive parents.
Is there a connection between crime and lack of childhood attachment?

30. Daycare
High Quality daycare has shown no detrimental effects on children over the age of two.
The studies go both ways for children under the age of two- no clear answer yet.

31. Self - Concept A sense of one’s identity and self-worth.
When does self-awareness start?

32. Child Attachment Styles
based on Ainsworth’s (1971) “The Strange Situation” studies

33. Mary Ainsworth studied children's’ attachment styles
Mary Ainsworth studied children's’ attachment styles. She would place a mother and young child in a room. The independent variable was a “strange situation” like a stranger or have the mother leave the room. The dependent variable was how the child would react.

34. Ainsworth’s attachment styles
Mary Ainsworth would have a stranger enter the room. Children with a secure attachment would go to the mother for comfort when a stranger entered the room. The child would cry when the mother left but was happy when the mother returned.
Most common (66%)

35. Ainsworth’s attachment styles
Insecure-avoidant (20%) – not distressed at mother leaving or stranger arriving; cool response when mother returns
Probably caused by distant mothers

36. Ainsworth’s attachment styles
insecure- resistant (12%) – clingy to mother; traumatized by every stage of the experiment; distrustful of their mothers
Caused by over-bearing, controlling mothers

37. General Parenting Styles
Based on Diana Baumrind’s studies
They are:
Permissive
Authoritarian
Authoritative

38. Permissive Parents
Parents submit to their children’s desires, make few demands and use little punishment.

39. Authoritarian Parents
Impose rules and expect obedience.
“Why, because I said so!!!!”
What word that begins with A describes an authoritarian?

40. Authoritative Parents
Parents are both demanding and responsive.
Exert control by setting rules, but explain reasoning behind the rules.
Encourage open discussion.

41. Harlow’s experiment with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers emphasized the importance of
a. Contact comfort
b. Feeding
c. Aesthetic needs
d. Incentive theory

42. According to Diane Baumrind, which of the following parental styles results in the most socially competent and responsible adults?
a. Authoritarian
b. Authoritative
c. Autocratic
d. Permissive

43. The child was born with widely spaced eyes, a thin upper lip, and a short flat nose. Chances are that he will later suffer from mental retardation. To which teratogen was this child most likely exposed during the prenatal period?
a. Tobacco
b. German measles
c. Heroin
d. Alcohol

44. With respect to cognitive abilities, evolutionary theorists
a. Suggest that infants attend more to novel events because these events require more time for perceptual processing
b. Assert that abilities which are prewired will be less prone to habituation or dishabituation
c. Strive to understand the adaptive significance of abilities that appear to be prewired
d. Attempt to find out which abilities are prewired, without making any assumptions about why these abilities might be innate

45. During which stage of development do the heart, spine, and brain emerge?
a. Post-natal
b. Placental
c. Fetal
d. Embryonic

46. The transition period from childhood to adulthood.
Adolescence
The transition period from childhood to adulthood.

47. Is adolescence getting longer or shorter?

48. Physical Development
It all begins with puberty
Puberty: the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

49. Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Nonreproductive sexual characteristics
Deepening of male voice
Female breasts
Body hair
JLo’s Hips

50. Primary Sexual Characteristics
The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
Testicles
Ovaries
Vagina
Penis

51. When does puberty start? The Landmarks
First ejaculation for boys
Menstruation for girls
Do we remember these things?

52. Sequence is way more predictable than the timing.
Puberty
Sequence is way more predictable than the timing.
How might timing differences affect an adolescent socially?

53. Cognitive Development
Have the ability to reason but…….
The reasoning is self-focused. Assume that their experiences are unique.
Experience formal operational thought

54. Lawrence Kohlberg and his stages of Morality
Preconventional Morality
Conventional Morality
Postconventional Morality

55. Preconventional Morality
Morality of self- interest
Their actions are either to avoid punishment or to gain rewards.

56. Conventional Morality
Morality is based upon obeying laws to
Maintain social order
To gain social approval
I won’t speed down Hampton because
my friends and family will look down on
me. Besides, the world would be chaotic
if everyone did it.

57. Postconventional Morality
Morality based on universal ethical principles.
I won’t speed down Hampton b/c a society w/o laws is not good. If I feel the law is unjust then I’ll try to change it.

58. Carol Gilligan
Gilligan would go on to criticize Kohlberg's work. This was based on two things. First, he only studied privileged, white men and boys. She felt that this caused a biased opinion against women. Secondly, in his stage theory of moral development, the male view of individual rights and rules was considered a higher stage than women's point of view of development in terms of its caring effect on human relationships.

59. Its all about forming an identity!!!
Social Development
Its all about forming an identity!!!

60. Identity One’s sense of self.
The idea that an adolescent’s job is to find oneself by testing various roles.
Comes from Erik Erikson’s stages of Psychosocial development.

61. Identity
A dab of color paint is placed on a child’s cheek. How the child responds will determine if the child see itself in the mirror or another baby.

62. A white X is placed on the cheek of an elephant
A white X is placed on the cheek of an elephant. Will the elephant realize the X is on its own cheek or that the elephant in the mirror has one.

63. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Piaget did not conduct formal experiments, but rather loosely structured interviews in which he posed problems for children to solve, observed their actions carefully, and questioned them about their solutions
Was particularly interested in children’s error, which would provide insights into children’s thought processes
Assumed that a child is an active seeker of knowledge and gains an understanding of the world by operating on it

64. Schemas
Organized units of knowledge about objects, events, and actions
Cognitive adaptation involves two processes
Assimilation is the interpretation of new experiences in terms of present schemes
Accommodation is the modification of present schemes to fit with new experiences

65. Schemas
For example, a child may call all four-legged creatures “doggie”
The child learns he needs to accommodate (i.e., change) his schemas, as only one type of four-legged creature is “dog”
It is through accommodation that the number and complexity of a child’s schemes increase and learning occurs

66. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Birth - age 2
Preoperational
2 - 6 years
Concrete Operational
years
Formal Operational
12+ years

67. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

68. Sensorimotor Stage 0-2
Infant learns about the world through their sensory and motor interactions (including reflexes)
Lack object permanence, the knowledge than an object exists independent of perceptual contact
Symbolic representation of
objects and events starts to
develop during the latter part of the
sensorimotor stage (e.g., use of
telegraphic speech)

69. Preoperational Stage
The child’s thinking becomes more symbolic and language-based, but remains egocentric and lacks the mental operations that allow logical thinking
Egocentrism is the inability to distinguish one’s own perceptions, thoughts, and feelings from those of others
Cannot perceive the world from another person’s perspective

70. Animism
Giving animal qualities to inanimate objects

71. Preoperational Stage
Conservation is the knowledge that the quantitative properties of an object (such as mass, volume, and number) remain the same despite changes in appearance
Some grasp of conservation marks the end of the preoperational stage and the beginning of the concrete-operational stage
The liquid/beakers problem is a common test of conservation ability

72. Preoperational Stage
A major reason why a preoperational child does not understand conservation is that the child lacks an understanding of reversibility, the knowledge that reversing a transformation brings about the conditions that existed before the transformation
Child’s thinking also reflects centration, the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a problem at a time

73. Tests of Conservation

74. Concrete Operational Stage
Children (age 6-12) gain a fuller understanding of conservation and other mental operations that allow them to think logically, but only about concrete events
Conservation for liquids, numbers, and matter acquired early, but conservation of length acquired later in the stage

75. Formal Operational Stage
The child (12-adult) gains the capacity for hypothetical-deductive thought
Can engage in hypothetical thought and in systematic deduction and testing of hypotheses

76. Formal Operational Stage
In one scientific thinking task, the child is shown several flasks of what appear to be the same clear liquid and is told one combination of two of these liquids would produce a clear liquid
The task is to determine which combination would produce the blue liquid
The concrete operational child just starts mixing different clear liquids together haphazardly
The formal operational child develops a systematic plan for deducing what the correct combination must be by determining all of the possible combinations and then systematically testing each one

77. Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory
Recent research has shown that rudiments of many of Piaget’s key concepts (e.g., object permanence) may begin to appear at earlier stages than Piaget proposed
For example, research that involved tracking infants’ eye movements has found that infants as young as 3 months continue to stare at the place where the object disappeared from sight, indicating some degree of object permanence

78. Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory
Not all people reach formal operational thought
The theory may be biased in favor of Western culture
There is no real theory of what occurs after the onset of adolescence
Despite refinements, recent research has indeed shown that cognitive development seems to proceed in the general sequence of stages that Piaget proposed

79. Conservation of matter is mastered in which of the following Piagetian stages?
A. sensorimotor
B. preoperational
C. concrete operational
D. postoperational
E. formal operational

80. A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby’s action shows development of
A. conservation of mass
B. reversibility
C. logical thinking
D. object permanence

81. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

82. Trust vs. Mistrust Age Important Event Description Birth - 18 months
Feeding
Infants form a loving, trusting relationship with parents; they also learn to mistrust others.

83. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Age
Important Event
Description
18 months - 3 Years
Toilet Training
Child's energies are directed toward physical skills: walking, grasping, and toilet training. The child learns control along with a healthy dose of shame and doubt.

84. Initiative vs. Guilt Age Important Event Description 3 - 6 Years
Independence
Child becomes more assertive, takes more initiative, becomes more forceful.

85. Industry vs. Inferiority
Age
Important Event
Description
Years
School
The child must feel competent while risking a sense of inferiority and failure.

86. Identity vs. Role Confusion
Age
Important Event
Description
Adolescence
Peers
Teens must achieve self-identity while deciphering their roles in occupation, politics, and religion. Can develop negative identity.

87. Intimacy vs. Isolation Age Important Event Description Young Adult
Relationships
The young adult must develop marriage-seeking relationships while combating feelings of isolation. Further career or get married?

88. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Age
Important Event
Description
Middle Adult
Parenting
Men want to generate something (join a rock band). They risk stagnation (growing old)

89. Integrity vs. Despair Age Important Event Description Late Adult
Life Reflection
Acceptance of one's lifetime accomplishments and sense of fulfillment. Want control of their lives.

90. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross - Stages of grief

91. How do we study developmental psychology?

92. Longitudinal studies
We can study a sample for a long, long time (like 30 years).
They are expensive and time consuming.
They are good at observing change over time in individuals.
Example, follow a group of 200 people for 30 years and give them a survey every 7 years to measure their developmental changes.

93. Cross-sectional studies
Much cheaper and less time-consuming than longitudinal studies.
They study different “sections” or cohorts or groups of people at the same time.
Example: survey a group of teenagers, 20-year-olds, 40 – year olds and 60-year olds and compare the results.

94. Chapter 11 Quiz
Human Development

95. Don’t forget to write your answers on a separate piece of paper to grade when you’re done!
1. What is the response pattern of securely attached children in the Strange Situation when their mothers return?
a. They tend to ignore their mothers because they are secure about her care.
b. Sometimes they run over to their mothers and sometimes they do not; there’s no consistent pattern in their responses.
c. They tend to run over to their mothers and beg them not to leave again.
d. They tend to go to their mothers for comfort

96. 2. In the nature versus nurture controversy, “nature” refers to
a. Heredity
b. Plants and animals
c. All living things we interact with
d. The environment

97. 3. Object permanence is
a. The belief that all objects have life just like humans do
b. The understanding that a tall beaker and a short beaker can hold the same amount of water
c. A belief that all objects in the world, including mountains and streams, are man made
d. The understanding that things continue to exist even when they are out of sight

98. Dorothy just celebrated her 90th birthday with her close friends, and is excited about a visit from her grandchildren. According to Erikson, she has probably most recently achieved
a. Isolation
b. Integrity
c. Despair
d. Autonomy

99. 5. Mr. Hernandez explains to his son that the speed limit is 55 mph
5. Mr. Hernandez explains to his son that the speed limit is 55 mph. He tells him to stay under the speed limit when driving because it’s the law and will probably prevent accidents. Kohlberg’s level of morality illustrated by this example is
a. Preconventional
b. Concrete operational
c. Conventional
d. Egocentric

100. 6. Harlow’s experiment with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers emphasized the importance of
a. Contact comfort
b. Feeding
c. Aesthetic needs
d. Incentive theory

101. 7. According to Diane Baumrind, which of the following parental styles results in the most socially competent and responsible adults?
a. Authoritarian
b. Authoritative
c. Autocratic
d. Permissive

102. 8. The child was born with widely spaced eyes, a thin upper lip, and a short flat nose. Chances are that he will later suffer from mental retardation. To which teratogen was this child most likely exposed during the prenatal period?
a. Tobacco
b. German measles
c. Heroin
d. Alcohol

103. 9. Which of the following attachment styles did Mary Ainsworth find more often in her research (in about 66% of the cases she studied)?
a) avoidant
b) authoritative
c) secure
d) anxious/ambivalent

104. 10. Which of the following is the correct term for a mental rule Piaget said we use to interpret our environment?
a) schema
b) assimilation
c) accomodation
d) hypothesis

105. 11. During which stage of development do the heart, spine, and brain emerge?
a. Post-natal
b. Placental
c. Fetal
d. Embryonic

106. 12. With respect to cognitive abilities, evolutionary theorists
a. Suggest that infants attend more to novel events because these events require more time for perceptual processing
b. Assert that abilities which are prewired will be less prone to habituation or dishabituation
c. Strive to understand the adaptive significance of abilities that appear to be prewired
d. Attempt to find out which abilities are prewired, without making any assumptions about why these abilities might be innate

107. 13. Midlife crises a. Are very common among men, but not women
b. Are very common among women, but not men
c. Are nearly universal for both sexes
d. Occur in only a small minority of subjects

108. 14. Erik Erikson’s developmental stages are organized around potential turning points called
a. Fixation points
b. Psychological crises
c. Developmental tasks
d. Psychosexual crises

109. 15. According to Piaget, during the formal operational period of cognitive development, children begin to
a. Acquire the concept of conservation
b. Understand the nature of hierarchical classification
c. Think primarily in terms of concrete objects or situations
d. Think in terms of abstract principles and hypothetical possibilities

110. Chapter 11 Answer Key 1. D 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C