1. Eysenck’s 3-Factor Model
The really important dimensions will be
highly heritable
have a neurological substrate
3 dimensions met these criteria:
Extraversion E
Neuroticism N
Psychoticism P

2. Psychoticism P
Lacking empathy
Often cruel and inhumane (hurt animals)
Often act very aggressively
Prone to impulsive behavior
Irresponsible, disorganized
Can show odd, strange behavior
Antisocial tendencies (criminality)
Eysenck strongly favored the label Psychoticism, however that label was always controversial. Some proposed that Psychopathy was closer to what Eysenck’s P questionnaire was measuring.

3. Criticism of Eysenck PEN model
1) Heritability?
Many traits are heritable.
2) Neurological substrates?
Neuroscience ideas are premature.
3) PEN is not comprehensive
Missing some big dimensions

4. Cattell’s “16PF” Trait Taxonomy
Quest:
Identify and measure all of the basic units of personality
Criterion of basicness?
Replicability across data sources (LOTS, e.g., finding same factors in self-reports vs. observer ratings)

5. Cattell’s Taxonomy: 16PF
Approach
Lexical
Sample Allports 28,000
Final 300 items
Statistical
Self-reports on 300 items (data)
Factor analyze intercorrelations
Convergence across methods

6. Cattell’s Taxonomy Criticisms Failure to replicate the 16
Many argue # factors is much smaller than 16

7. Cattell’s 16: Too many factors?
Extraversion ?
Dominance
Boldness
Impulsivity

8. Costa & McCrae (1976) Factor analysis of 16 PF
No support for 16 factors.
Concluded there were just 3 large, replicable factors.

9. N E ? O

10. Costa & McCrae (1976) N E O Neuroticism Extraversion
Concluded there were 3 big factors in Cattell’s 16PF, two very familiar ones (E,N) plus openness to experience.
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness to Experience N E O

11. The Interpersonal Trait Domain
Taxonomy of Interpersonal Traits
Leary
Wiggins

12. Interpersonal Traits Interpersonal traits Non-interpersonal traits
Traits that require interaction
Bold, timid, kind, cold, hostile, sociable, aloof, polite, deferent, agreeable.
Non-interpersonal traits
Don’t require interaction
organized, neat, messy, nervous, gloomy, jolly, curious, irritable.

13. Assertive Dominant Manipulative Coldhearted Aloof Introverted Timid Submissive Agreeable Warmhearted Sociable Extraverted

14. Interpersonal Circle Assertive Dominant Extraverted Manipulative
Affiliative
Cold
Warm
Aloof
Agreeable
Introverted
Deferent
Timid

15. Dominance Warmth Assertive Dominant Extraverted Manipulative
Affiliative
Warmth
Cold
Warm
Aloof
Agreeable
Introverted
Deferent
Timid

16. 1960s Counterculture & Antiwar Movement
Timothy Leary
LSD “Guru”
1960s Counterculture & Antiwar Movement

17. Dom
Love

18. Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC)
Dominance
Warmth

19. Wiggins-Leary Circumplex
Interpersonal traits
Traits involving social interaction
Circumplex Model
Circular continuum of meaning...
around LOVE and POWER
Interpersonal traits are traits involving…
social resource exchange

20. Power or Dominance Warmth Love or Assertive Dominant Extraverted
Manipulative
Affiliative
Warmth
Love or
Cold
Warm
Interpersonal traits all seem to be various blends of two underlying dimensions, power/dominance and love/warmth, and therefore seem to represent those stable individual differences that most direclty impact the social resource exchange pattern of our relation to another person: Are they friendly or hostile to me, and are they superior or inferior to me?
Aloof
Agreeable
Introverted
Deferent
Timid

21. The Wiggins-Leary Circumplex
Some advantages
Specifies the expected association among all interpersonal traits
Adjacency
Orhogonality
Bipolarity

22. Adjacency Bipolarity Orthogonality Assertive Dominant Extraverted
Manipulative
Affiliative
Bipolarity
Cold
Warm
Orthogonality
Aloof
Agreeable
Introverted
Deferent
Timid

23. The Wiggins-Leary Circumplex
Alerts investigators to gaps in coverage of interpersonal traits
Improves integration of research findings.
e.g., Bem Sex Role Inventory

24. New York Times Magazine, May, 2015
Sandra Bem ( )
Influential gender theorist
Gender Schema Theory
Gender role socialization
New method of measuring masculinity-femininity
Bem Sex-Role Inventory
Indicates how gender “schematic” you are.
New York Times Magazine, May, 2015

25. Traditional concept of Masculinity-Femininity
Prior to Bem (1974)
Masc and Fem were opposite qualities.
You cannot be feminine and masculine.
That seemed to fit ordinary intuitions about what masculine and feminine meant.

26. Bem (1974) Men? Women? How measure masculinity & femininity?
Identify traits regarded more desirable for one gender or the other.
Men?
Dominant, Bold, Competitive, etc.
Women?
Sympathetic, Kind, Tender, etc.

27. F M M F Sandra Bem (1974) Masc and Fem are two things.
People come in all combinations.
Gender roles simply mask this true picture of men and women. M M F F

28. BSRI Masc = Bold, assertive... BSRI Fem = Kind, caring…
Q: Why were Bem’s Masc and Fem scales orthogonal (uncorrelated)?
BSRI Masc = Bold, assertive...
BSRI Fem = Kind, caring…
Hint: Where are these two groups of traits on the Interpersonal Circumplex?

29. M F Assertive Dominant Extraverted Manipulative Affiliative Cold Warm
Aloof
Agreeable
Introverted
Deferent
Timid

30. (-)Masc = Cold, insensitive... (-)Fem = Timid, helpless…
Q: What about negative (-) masculine traits and negative (-)feminine traits?
(-)Masc = Cold, insensitive...
(-)Fem = Timid, helpless…
Where are THOSE two groups of traits on the Interpersonal Circumplex?

31. M F Assertive Dominant Extraverted Manipulative Affiliative Cold Warm
Aloof
Agreeable
Introverted
Deferent F
Timid

32. M M M F F F Assertive Dominant Extraverted Manipulative Affiliative
Cold
Warm
Aloof
Agreeable F
Introverted
Deferent F
Timid

33. M F Assertive Dominant Extraverted Manipulative Affiliative Cold Warm
Aloof
Agreeable
Introverted
Deferent
Timid

34. M F Assertive Dominant Extraverted Manipulative Affiliative Cold Warm
Aloof
Agreeable F
Introverted
Deferent
Timid

35. Bem’s Androgyny Theory
Highest Well-being

36. M
Assertive
Dominant
Extraverted
Manipulative
Affiliative F
Cold
Warm
The Leary-Wiggins Circumplex model implies that Bem’s androgenous persons were likely to have been extraverts, which explains why her androgeous group typically reported the highest levels of well-being—Extraverts tend to report especially high levels of positive emotions.
Aloof
Agreeable
Introverted
Deferent
Timid

37. Benefits of the Circumplex Model
This illustrates the potential value of the Leary-Wiggins circumplex model:
Bem’s core findings with the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) would have been anticipated from the relations well summarized by the interpersonal circumplex model (not published by Wiggins until 1979).

38. History of Big Five Model
Comprehensive Models of Traits?
Eysenck’s PEN ? No.
Leary-Wiggins Circumplex ? No.
Cattell’s 16 PF ? Maybe.
(+) Based on lexical approach, but…
(-) Procedural ambiguities (lacked rigor).
(-) Too many shortfuts (no computers).
(-) No cross-cultural replications.

39. Lexical discovery of the Big 5
Lewis Goldberg (1980)
Redo steps of Cattell
(Factor Analysis easy now)
1710 adjectives self-ratings,peer-ratings
Result: 5 large trait dimensions
What about other languages?
German, Dutch, French, Turkish, Tagalog…
Same result: Big Five

40. Big Five Inventory (“BFI”)
The “Big Five”
What are the Big Five?
In-class demo
Big Five Inventory (“BFI”)

41. The OCEAN of Personality
Extraversion Neuroticism Conscientiousness Agreeableness Openness-Intellect E N
Eysenck’s P ?

42. 5 Dimensions of Trait Covariation
Personality
9/16/2018
The Big Five O C E A N
Sociability
Warmth
Pos emotions
Assertiveness
Excitement-skg
Activity-level
Each factor represents covariation among hundreds of related traits.
5 Dimensions of Trait Covariation
©2001 Prentice Hall

43. Extraversion
Is full of energy. Has an assertive personality. Is outgoing, sociable. Is talkative. Generates a lot of enthusiasm. Is sometimes shy, inhibited. Tends to be quiet. Is reserved.

44. Agreeableness
Is helpful and unselfish with others. Is generally trusting. Has a forgiving nature. Likes to cooperate with others. Is sometimes rude to others. (-) Starts quarrels with others. (-) Can be cold and aloof. (-)

45. Conscientiousness
Does a thorough job Is a reliable worker Perseveres until the task is finished Does things efficiently Makes plans and follows through with them Tends to be disorganized (-)

46. Neuroticism
Is depressed, blue. Worries a lot. Gets nervous easily. Can be moody. Is relaxed, handles stress well. (-) Remains calm in tense situations. (-)

47. Openess to Experience
Is curious about many different things. Has an active imagination. Values artistic, aesthetic experiences. Likes to reflect, play with ideas. Is original, comes up with new ideas. Is ingenious, a deep thinker. Is inventive.

48. Why is Big Five important?
Personality
9/16/2018
1. Comprehensive (cont’d)
Also located in old trait questionnaires.
e.g., MMPI, CPI, 16PF
Example: MBTI
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
©2001 Prentice Hall

49. Costa and McCrae

50. MTBI correlations with B5
Personality
MTBI correlations with B5
9/16/2018
O C E A N
I-S
.72
J-P
.50
E-I
.74
F-T
.44 ?
©2001 Prentice Hall

51. Are the Big Five related to Wiggins Circumplex Model?
The Wiggins Circumplex has two underlying dimensions, DOM and LOV. Which 2 Big Five dimensions correspond to the underlying two dimensions of the Leary-Wiggins Circumplex?

52. Dominance Warmth Assertive Dominant Extraverted Manipulative
Affiliative
Warmth
Cold
Warm
Aloof
Agreeable
Introverted
Deferent
Timid

53. Extrav Agre Assertive Dominant Extraverted Manipulative Affiliative
Cold
Warm
Answer? E and A. Extraversion and Agreeableness are the Big Five factors that correspond to Wiggins’ circumplex model of interpersonal traits. We can think of the IPC (interpersonal circumplex) as a slight “rotation” of the Big Five factors of E and A.
Aloof
Agreeable
Agre
Introverted
Deferent
Timid

54. Can the Big Five Explain Sigmund Freud’s Character Types?
Big Five Personality Dimensions
Oral
Extrav ?
Anal
Consc ?
Agree ?
Genital
Openness ?
Phallic

55. 2. Cross-cultural univers.
Personality
9/16/2018
Found in many languages
Many languages other than European (although the clearest replications are in European languages)
Translated Big Five questionnaires show same structure worldwide
NEO-PIR studied in hundreds of languages
Factor structure recovers Big Five very closely in all samples
©2001 Prentice Hall

56. 3. Very stable over time r Self-reports Interval Big Five 6 years .74
GZTS
24 years
.65
MMPI
30 years
.56
MMPI Si
30 years
.70
Peer-reports
7 years
.70
Big Five

57. 4. Strong heritability .60 Weight .50 IQ Openness .46 Extraversion .36
Personality
9/16/2018
.60
.50
Weight IQ
Openness
.46
Extraversion
.36
Openness tends to have a the highest Big Five heritability, probably because it has modest postive correlation with IQ, and IQ tends to have a stronger heritability than do personality traits. The overlap of openness with IQ may increase a little the overall heritability of openness compared to the other Big Five dimensions.
Neuroticism
.31
Conscientiousness
.28
.28
Agreeableness
©2001 Prentice Hall

58. Beyond the Big Five? Possible omissions: Pos eval “good”, excellent”
Neg eval “evil”, “awful”
masc/fem “girlish”
relig & spiri “religious”
attractiveness “beautiful”
Sexuality “sexy”

59. Big Five Controversies
Personality
9/16/2018
1. Is Factor V Opns or Intellect?
The fifth Big Factor isn’t identical across different languages.
2. Maybe a “Big Six”model is even Better than the Big Five model
Lee and Ashton (2008) propose a “HEXACO” model of personality. They found support for it in re-analysis of many lexical studies of different languages.
©2001 Prentice Hall

60. The Structure of Turkish Trait Adjectives
The Big Five structure was also clearly observed in the Turkish language. Above shows the highest loading Turkish trait descriptive words in a factor analysis of self-ratings based on a representative sampling of all trait descriptive words in the Turkish language. The fifth factor is shown on the next slide. N
Source: Somer and Goldberg (1999)

61. Turkish Factor V: Openness to Experience
Open to experience
Open-minded
Modern, progressive
Likes reading
Source: Somer and Goldberg (1999)

62. French Factor V: Openness to Experience
Passionate
Revolutionary
Unconventional
Eccentric
Source: Ashton et al. (2001)

63. Factor V: Openness Factor V: Intellect French Dutch Turkish
Artistic, passionate, curious imaginative, open-minded, liberal, unconventional…
Factor V: Intellect
In language that do show clear support of the FFM (Five-Factor Model of Personalty), the trait words that define the fifth factor in some of those languages more closely resemble the “Openness” interpretation for Factor V, and in other languages more closely resemble the “Intellect” interpretation of that factor.
German Hungarian Tagalog
Intelligent, intellectual, clever, smart, perceptive, observant, knowledgeable…

64. The Big “Six” instead? HEXACO model
Agreeableness is too broad?
Easily breaks into 2 big dimensions
6th factor: Honesty-Humility [H-H]
Many languages show this 6th factor
Big Six is better?
Currently being debated. (Many disagree).
H-H tend to be very strongly inversely correlated with psychopathy (r = )
Some researchers have argued that six major personality factors are a better model that the so-called “Big Five” model. This six-factor model is called the “HEXACO” model of personality. The argument is that many languages show evidence of a sixth major dimension of personality, and that perhaps the Big Five model’s “Agreeableness” dimension is too broad because it often divides into two large factors in studies of several languages. The sixth proposed factor is called “Honesty-Humility”.

65. Agreeableness Honesty-Humility HEXACO model
(+)Gentle, Peace-loving, Patient
(-)Aggressive, (-)touchy
Honesty-Humility
(+)Sincere, Honest, Just
(-)Boastful,(-)Dishonest.(-)Greedy
Above illustrates the difference between the Agreeableness factor and the Honesty-Humility factor in the 6-dimensional model of personality called the “HEXACO” model. It is very similar to the Big Five model, however it divides the agreeableness factor of the Big Five model into two separate dimensions: Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility.

66. Lexical “Big Three”
De Raad et al. (2014)

67. Big Five Model HEXACO Int-Opn De Raad et al. (2014)
Agreeable- ness
Conscienti- ousness
Extraversion
Intellect- Openess
Emotional Stability
HEXACO
The most reliably replicated lexical dimensions of personality. Researchers have sought to test how replicable a small number of very broad factors are (e.g. A-O-D model above), as well as a larger number of somehow narrower factors (e.g., HEXACO model).
A very broad 3-factor structure is the most reliably observed structure across world languages: Dynamism and Affiliation are nearly equivalent to the traditional Big Five model’s Extraversion and Agreeableness factors; Order combines two of the Big Five factors (C+A).
A 6-factor structure is almost as replicable as that very broad 3-factor structure.
The well-known five-factor model is not quite as replicable across world languages as a 6-factor solution is, which is one reason that some researcher prefer the HEXACO model over the traditional Big Five model of personality.
A 7-factor structure is not as replicable across languages as the above. The most reliably observed 7-factor structure tends to split the Openness-Intellect factor into separate Openness and Intellect factors.
Int-Opn

68. The AB5C Model B5 Factor 1 and 2 B5 Factor 3 and 4
AB5C = Abridged Big Five Circumplex
Wiggins-Leary IPC
B5 Factor 1 and 2
B5 Factor 3 and 4
The AB5C Trait Taxonomy is a version of the Big Five model that creates 10 different 2-dimensional circumplexes by taking each possible pair of Big Five factors and dividing it into a 12-segmented circle. All traits are mapped onto these 10 circumplexes. It provides a comprehensive structural model for understanding trait covariation patterns. Any trait can be “located” somewhere in the 45 different segments of the AB5C model. Knowing where a trait tends to be located in the model allows a researcher to pinpoint quickly which other traits are likely to be most correlated with that trait, and which traits are likely to be uncorrelated with that trait.

69. AB5C Trait Taxonomy Abridged Big Five Circumplex (AB5C)
AB5C = 10 two-dimensional circumplexes created for all possible pairs of Big Five
A 2-dimensional circumplex can be proposed for any pair of Big Five factors.
The Leary-Wiggins Circumplex is simply one of these. (the circumplex for: Extra & Agre).

70. Practical Down-to-earth
Consc
Organized
Reliable
Practical Down-to-earth
Smart
Competent
Curious Original
Unreflective
Incurious
Opns
Here is a hypothetical example of a trait circumplex around the two Big Five dimensions of openness and conscientiousness. Each trait location around the circle represents a different blend of the two underlying factors.
Lax
Incompetent
Day-dreamy
Imaginative
Disorganized
Careless

71. Neur Consc Organized Obsessive Disciplined Calm Anx Erratic Laid-back
Here is a hypothetical example of a trait circumplex around the two Big Five dimensions of conscientiousness and neuroticism. Each trait location around the circle represents a different blend of the two underlying factors.
Laid-back
Erratic
Disorganized