Examining Plant and Animal Cells

Examining Plant and Animal Cells
Larry Johnson, PhD College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A & M University College Station, TX

Overview of Cells and Organelles Differences between Plant and Animal Cells Cells Organization within the Body Tissue Overview Cell quantification and statistical comparisons Plant Animal

How Did Cells Get Its Name?
Cells in cork walled boxes that are similar to tiny rooms, or cellula, occupied by monks = "cell.“ Cells in a  plant Cell in an animal 

Cell Size Light Microscopy Electron Microscopy Cell

Cells Contain Organelles
Organelles in cells are like organs in animal/human bodies

Cell membrane

Marks limit of cells/environment Cell membrane Marks limit of cells/environment

Archive of cell’s DNA Nucleus Archive of cell’s DNA

Produces ATP (cell energy) Mitochondria Produces ATP (cell energy)

Produces proteins and hormones and detoxifies Produces proteins and hormones and detoxifies Endoplasmic Reticulum

Modifies (adds sugar to) and packages proteins Modifies (adds sugar to) and packages proteins Golgi Apparatus

Comparing Animal and Plant Cells
Animal Cell Cell Membrane Cytoplasm ER (smooth and rough) Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Nucleus Variety of Shapes One or more small vacuoles Centrioles Lysosomes Often have cilia or flagella Cell Wall Rectangular One large, central vacuole Rarely have lysosomes Plastids Chloroplasts Rarely have cilia or flagella

Animal Cell Plant Cell internet source internet source
internet source Plant Cell internet source

controls the flow of water marks outer limit of cell
Animal Cell Double layer of phospholipids controls the flow of water marks outer limit of cell separates cell from environment Plant Cell

Involved in cell division Involved in directing protein
Animal Cell Has a double membrane Holds DNA Involved in cell division Involved in directing protein production by ribosomes Plant Cell

Animal Cell Plant Cell Eukaryotic Cell eukaryotic cell has a nucleus

Make energy for the cell Can be different shapes Has a double membrane
Animal Cell Plant Cell Make energy for the cell Can be different shapes Has a double membrane

Animal Cell Plant Cell Has a double membrane

Mitochondria

Intracellular digestion Release of cellular waste
Animal Cell Membrane bound sac Intracellular digestion Release of cellular waste Generally small in animal cells

Electron Microscope Image of a Pancreatic Cell Animal Cell
Small Vacuoles Electron Microscope Image of a Pancreatic Cell

Part of cytoskeleton of the cell
Animal Cell Part of cytoskeleton of the cell Ring of nine groups of fused microtubules Groups of three microtubles Involved in cell division Plants do not have centrioles

Animal Cell Centriole Electron Microscope Image of a Animal Cell

Contain enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion
Animal Cell Contain enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion In white blood cells, these lysozymes digest bacteria Cause cell death if improperly released into cytoplasm

Animal Cell Lysosome Electron Microscope Image of a Nerve

Rigid, protective cell wall Made of polysaccharides
Plant Cell Rigid, protective cell wall Made of polysaccharides Provides and maintains shape of the cell Protective barrier

Plant Cell Electron Microscope Image of a Sunflower Leaf

Store nutrients and waste products Increase cell size during growth
Plant Cell Membrane bound sac Store nutrients and waste products Increase cell size during growth May act like lysosome of animal cells Regulate turgor pressure: water collects in vacuole and pushes against the cell wall = rigidity of plant Generally large in animal cells

Only found in higher plant cells
Contain chlorophyll, which allows the plant to make energy from sunlight, produces oxygen and used carbon dioxide Have a double outer membrane Filled with stacks (“Grana”) of thylakoids

Comparing Animal and Plant Cells
Animal Cell Cell Membrane Cytoplasm ER (smooth and rough) Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Nucleus Variety of Shapes One or more small vacuoles Centrioles Lysosomes Often have cilia or flagella Cell Wall Rectangular One large, central vacuole Rarely have lysosomes Plastids Chloroplasts Rarely have cilia or flagella

Pathways Of Protein Evolution Protein Evolutionary Trees
Mitochondrion

Questions from an 8th grade Biology Class
Plants “How much do plants affect the atmosphere? Would the world cease to exist without them?” Plants produce oxygen which is essential for life in animals and humans. Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at building materials and reduce the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere. They also produce moisture in the air (rain forest). Without plants, the world would still exist, but it would not have humans or animals on it.

More about Animal Cells
KIDNEY CELL INTESTINAL CELL PITUITARY CELL EGG LENS CELL SERTOLI CELL LEYDIG CELL NERVE CELL

Cells in Perspective

Cells in Perspective PROTOPLASM – Living Substance
CELL – Smallest unit of protoplasm, Simplest animals consist of a single cell. CELL TISSUE – Groups of cells with same general function and texture (texture = tissue) e.g., muscle, nerve, epithelium, and connective tis. TISSUE ORGAN – Two or more types of tissues; larger functional unit e.g., skin, kidney, intestine, blood vessels ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM - Several organs e.g., respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems SYSTEM

FOUR BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES IN THE BODY --------------------------------------
Epithelium Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue

Epithelium Functions: Cover organs, line organs, blood
vessels, and secretory cells of glands

Epithelium Some epithelia have surface specializations such as numerous microvilli or cilia.

Connective Tissue Function:
binds the other tissues together to form organs include blood, cartilage, and bone CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Various Shapes of Connective Tissue Cells cartilage Epithelium
bone

Muscle Function: Distribution: generation of contractile force
Smooth – involuntary movements of organs, respiratory tract, blood vessels, uterus, etc. Cardiac – involuntary contractions of the heart Skeletal – voluntary movements, mostly associated with the skeleton

Smooth Muscle

Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Nervous Tissue Functions:
transmission, reception, and integration of electrical impulses Characteristics: neurons – very large excitable cells with long processes called axons and dendrites Glial cells – the supporting cells of nervous tissue Nerves – collections of neuronal processes bound together by connective tissue

FOUR BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES IN THE BODY --------------------------------------
Epithelium Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue

Where are these basic tissues located?
EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE Epithelium

EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE Connective tissue

EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE Muscular tissue

EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE

Shapes of Epithelial Cells

http://viewer. serenusview. com/LinkHandler. axd
Intestinal Cells

CELL CYCLE GENERATION TIME - VARIES WITH CELL TYPE
4-6 DAYS IN INTESTINE ABSORBTIVE CELLS YEAR IN NERVE CELLS

ORIENTATION SEGREGATION ALIGNMENT

Cell cycle/division What would happen if cells did not divide at the right time or not fast enough?” Cells not dividing at the right time could cause developmental problems with tissues, organs, or ones height. Cell division not fast enough could cause delay in healing of a cut, but cells dividing too quickly could cause excessive scaring. “If everything started as one cell, then how did cells know they needed to become tissues for a specific organ?” All diploid cells of the body have the same DNA/genes and have the information needed potential to become any cell of the body. It is the differences in expression of these genes that dictate what a cells becomes or how it will be arranged among other cells in a tissue or organ.

http://viewer. serenusview. com/Viewer. aspx

Cells

Activity: Quantifying animal and plant cells
Adding more microscopic observations and more math to your scientific investigations.

Activity: Quantifying animal and plant cells continued cells

Cell Volume Density Example Data and Calculations: percentage of whole occupied by each component
Animal cells Plant cells Total Hits 26 76 29 96 Nuclei Cytoplasm Nuclei Cytoplasm Total Cells Counted = = 125 (-23 hits landed outside the cells) Animal cells Plant cells 26 102 x 100 = Volume Density of Cells 29 125 x 100 = 25.5% Nuclei 23.2% Nuclei 76 102 x 100 = 96 125 x 100 = 74.5% Cytoplasm 76.8% Cytoplasm Conclusion : Nuclei both animal cells and plant cells occupy about one forth of the total cell volume .

Normal human blood

Activity: White blood cell percentages

http://staging. digitalscope. org/Viewer. aspx
Abnormal human blood

Activity: Comparing Volume Density of Normal and Abnormal Blood

To determine the statistical significance: Finding the Ratios of cell densities
Healthy Blood Unhealthy Blood RBC WBC 10/9 = 1.11 7/8 = 0.88 10/4 = 2.5 8/12 = 0.66 10/5 = 2.0 5/5 = /6= 1.36 Adding more observations and ever more math to your scientific investigations. Ratio Ratio 15/1 = 15 17/1 = 17 21/1 = 21 21/2 = 10.5 19/1 = 19 103.5/6= 17.25 These ratios compare number of times a RBC or a WBC was touched by the cross. If these numbers are added up and divided by the number of data collections (6) then the answer is the average, or MEAN The MEAN of these numbers is used to find the standard deviation, or σ. The standard deviation measures how spread out the numbers are.

Finding the Variance Healthy Blood Unhealthy Blood RBC WBC 10/9 = 1.11
10/9 = 1.11 7/8 = 0.88 10/4 = 2.5 8/12 = 0.66 10/5 = 2.0 5/5 = +1 Standard Deviation is the square root of the VARIANCE. To find the variance, the mean is subtracted from each number, and the result is squared. Then find the mean of these numbers. 15/1 = 15 17/1 = 17 21/1 = 21 21/2 = 10.5 19/1 = +19 Mean 17.25 1.36 15 – = = 17 – = = 21 – = = 14.06 10.5 – = = 19 – = = 81.86/6= 13.64 1.11 – 1.36 = = 0.06 0.88 – 1.36 = = 0.23 2.50 – 1.36 = = 1.30 0.66 – 1.36 = = 0.49 2.0 – = = 0.41 2.49/6= 0.42

Finding the Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation is the square root of the VARIANCE. Healthy Blood Unhealthy Blood RBC WBC 10/9 = 1.11 7/8 = 0.88 10/4 = 2.5 8/12 = 0.66 10/5 = 2.0 5/5 = +1 15/1 = 15 17/1 = 17 21/1 = 21 21/2 = 10.5 19/1 = 19 Standard Deviation √ = 3.69 √ = 0.65 Mean 17.25 1.36 Variance 13.64 0.42 Standard Deviation 3.69 0.65

Doing a T Test A T Test determines if the difference between two means is significant. This T Test will compare the means of the nuclei data in plant and animal cells. 1.53 13.64 0.42 6 17.25 1.36 1.53 10.39

Doing a T Test Adding more microscopic observations and ever more math to your scientific investigations. D.f. = 6-1 = 5 Since t = 10.39 10.39 > 4.03 Since is greater than 4.03, the difference between the ratios of RBC to WBC in the normal and abnormal blood sample is significant at the p=0.01 level.

Activity: Organelle Volume Density from Electron Micrographs
Adding more electron microscopic observations and more math to your scientific investigations.

http://viewer. serenusview. com/LinkHandler. axd
Eye Cells

“Examining Plant and Animal Cells” Acknowledgments and thanks: several images and drawings were modified from several text books and internet sources Horse hoof –

Many illustrations in these VIBS Histology YouTube videos were modified from the following books and sources: Many thanks to original sources! Bruce Alberts, et al Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY. Bruce Alberts, et al Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY. William J. Banks, Applied Veterinary Histology. Williams and Wilkins, Los Angeles, CA. Hans Elias, et al Histology and Human Microanatomy. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Don W. Fawcett Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA. Don W. Fawcett Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY. Arthur W. Ham and David H. Cormack Histology. J. S. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, PA. Luis C. Junqueira, et al Basic Histology. Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, CA. L. Carlos Junqueira, et al Basic Histology. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT. L.L. Langley, et al Dynamic Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. W.W. Tuttle and Byron A. Schottelius Textbook of Physiology. The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, MO. Leon Weiss Histology Cell and Tissue Biology. Elsevier Biomedical, New York, NY. Leon Weiss and Roy O. Greep Histology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. Nature ( Vol. 414:88,2001. A.L. Mescher Junqueira’s Basis Histology text and atlas, 13th ed. McGraw Douglas P. Dohrman and TAMHSC Faculty 2012 Structure and Function of Human Organ Systems, Histology Laboratory Manual - Slide selections were largely based on this manual for first year medical students at TAMHSC

Questions Questions http://peer.tamu.edu

Disease/treatment “If cancer is caused by a cell reproducing uncontrollably, why don’t we just kill off the cells that are reproducing?” Killing of rapidly dividing cancer cells is how radiation and chemotherapy works; however, the killing has to be selective for cancer cells to prevent from killing rapidly dividing blood cells or intestinal cells essential for healthy life. “What does cancer do to a cell and its cycle?” Cancer can prevent a cell from entering into a dormant phase (Go of interphase) or prevent programmed cell death. Cells that do not die when they should or continue to enter the cell cycle can cause cancer.

Mitosis Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis Spermatogonia base
Secondary spermatocytes lumen testis Epon toluidine blue stain

Meiosis “How do cells know when exactly to do mitosis or meiosis?” Differences in gene expression dictate when somatic cells enter mitosis. Only germ cells of specific developmental steps enter meiosis. “Why can’t mitosis split into four different daughter cells just like meiosis?” The purpose of mitosis is to produce two daughter cells as identical to the parents as possible; whereas, meiosis has the mission of inducing variation in the gene makeup of daughter cells. If mitosis split into four different daughter cells, it would not produce the variation needed for a species to evolve and adapt to a changing environment. Only in meiosis do chromosomes from both the mother and father pair (pairing of homologous chromosomes for genetic exchange to introduce diversity in daughter cells), and they (paired homologous chromosomes) separate from each other at the first meiotic division inducing the haploid condition (although each chromosome still has two sister chromatids that divide in the second meiotic division). After the first meiotic division, the cells (secondary spermatocyte or polar body) no longer have chromosomes from both mother and father. In mitosis, all cells have an equal numbers of chromosomes from both parents at all times.

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