1. SUSTAINABILITY 1 Making Buildings
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

2. Environmental Impacts of Buildings
Sustainability
Environmental Impacts of Buildings
30 to 40 percent of world’s energy use and associated greenhouse gasses
One-third of U.S. energy use
Two-thirds of U.S. electricity consumption
30 percent of U.S. raw materials consumption, 25 percent of its harvested wood, and 12 percent of its fresh water
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

3. Environmental Impacts of Buildings
Sustainability
Environmental Impacts of Buildings
Nearly one-half of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

4. Sustainability
Sustainability
Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs…
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

5. Sustainable Building Construction
Sustainability
Sustainable Building Construction
Reduce the depletion of fossil fuels
Minimize the use of valuable, productive land
Minimize materials consumption and waste
Protect forests and forest ecosystems
Protect water resources
Minimize air pollution
Maximize the healthfulness of the interior building environment
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

6. Sustainable Building Construction
Sustainability
Sustainable Building Construction
Green building
Produce buildings that are healthful for their occupants, protect resources, promote environmental quality, and provide the broadest social benefit.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

7. The Building Life Cycle
Sustainability
The Building Life Cycle
Sustainable building construction must address all phases of the life of a building material, that is, from cradle to grave.
Origin, manufacturing, and transportation
Construction
Use and maintenance
Demolition, and reuse or disposal
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

8. Assessing Green Buildings
Sustainability
Assessing Green Buildings
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System
Existing Buildings LEED-EB
Commercial Interiors LEED-CI
Building core and shell construction LEED-CS
Homes LEED-H
also Schools, Retail, Healthcare, Neighborhood Development
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

9. Assessing Green Buildings
Sustainability
Assessing Green Buildings
LEED for New Construction and Major Renovations projects LEED-NC
Sustainable Sites
Water Efficiency
Energy & Atmosphere
Materials & Resources
Indoor Environmental Quality
Innovation & Design Process
Regional Priority Credits
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

10. Assessing Green Buildings
Sustainability
Assessing Green Buildings
LEED-NC Materials & Resources credits
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

11. Assessing Green Buildings
Sustainability
Assessing Green Buildings
LEED-NC certification: 100 base points plus 10 bonus points available
Platinum: 80+ points
Gold: points
Silver: points
Certified: points
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

12. Assessing Green Buildings
Sustainability
Assessing Green Buildings
Other green building assessment programs
Green Building Initiative Green Globes
National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) Green Home Building Guidelines
NAHB and International Code Council National Green Building Standard
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

13. Assessing Green Buildings
Sustainability
Assessing Green Buildings
Energy conservation programs
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning: Advanced Energy Design Guides
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Energy Star
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

14. THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL: CHOOSING BUILDING SYSTEMS
1 Making Buildings
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL:
CHOOSING BUILDING SYSTEMS
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

15. Zoning Ordinances Control land use:
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
Zoning Ordinances
Control land use:
Types of allowed activities, such as industrial, commercial, residential, etc.
How much land may be covered by building
Distance from buildings to property lines
Parking requirements
Building height and area
Special fire district requirements, etc.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

16. Building Codes Primarily regulate health and life safety, including:
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
Building Codes
Primarily regulate health and life safety, including:
Fire safety
Emergency egress
Construction quality
Structural integrity
Durability
Livability
Also: Energy conservation, accessibility for physically handicapped, sustainability
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

17. Canada: National Building Code of Canada U.S.:
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
Model Building Codes
Standardized codes, adopted and put into legal effect by local jurisdictions
Canada: National Building Code of Canada
U.S.:
International Building Code (IBC)
International Residential Code (IRC)
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

18. IBC and IRC are the models for most U.S. local building codes. IRC:
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
Model Building Codes
IBC and IRC are the models for most U.S. local building codes.
IRC:
One- and two-family homes
Townhouses
3 stories maximum height
IBC: All building types except those covered by the IRC
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

19. IBC Occupancy Groups Define the type of activities within a building
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
IBC Occupancy Groups
Define the type of activities within a building
A Assembly
B Business
E Educational
F Factory
H High hazard
I Institutional
M Mercantile
R Residential
S Storage
U Utility
Many buildings have more than one occupancy group.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

20. THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
IBC Occupancy Groups
Occupancy Group definitions reflect the relative safety concerns of different types of activities. Examples:
Occupancy Group A
Includes theaters, auditoriums, lecture halls, night clubs, and other places of public gathering.
Such spaces, with large crowds in unfamiliar settings, need special attention to emergency exit provisions.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

21. Occupancy Group I Institutional
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
IBC Occupancy Groups
Occupancy Group I Institutional
Includes hospitals, prisons, and other facilities where occupants can not fend for themselves in an emergency.
Where occupants cannot readily exit a facility during an emergency, protected areas within the building must be provided where occupants can wait for assistance.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

22. IBC Construction Types
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
IBC Construction Types
Define buildings constructed to varying degrees of resistance to fire
Type I – Most resistant
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type V - Least resistant
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

23. IBC Construction Types
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
IBC Construction Types
Combustibility
Type I
Noncombustible materials only (steel, concrete, masonry)
Type II
Type III
Noncombustible exterior walls and combustible (wood) interior materials
Type IV
Type V
Fully noncombustible
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

24. IBC Construction Types
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
IBC Construction Types
Fire Resistance (resistance to the heat of fire)
Construction
Loadbearing Structure
Type I
1 – 3 hours
Type II
0 – 1 hour
Type III
0 – 2 hours
Type IV
1 – 2 hours, or Heavy Timber (large wood members, very slow to burn)
Type V
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

25. IBC Construction Types
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
IBC Construction Types
Table 601: Fire resistance rating requirements (in hours) for building elements
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

26. IBC Allowable Height and Area
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
IBC Allowable Height and Area
Occupancy groups and construction types are used to determine maximum allowable building size.
Occupancies with greater hazard: smaller buildings
Construction systems less resistant to fire: smaller buildings
And visa-versa…
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

27. IBC Allowable Height and Area
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
IBC Allowable Height and Area
Table 503: Number of stories, height in feet, and area per floor depending on occupancy and construction type
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

28. IBC Allowable Height and Area
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
IBC Allowable Height and Area
Modifications to tabulated height and area limitations:
Providing greater fire-fighter access around the building: allows increase in building size
Increasing building height above 3 stories: requires reduction in area per floor (total area of all floors remains fixed)
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

29. IBC Allowable Height and Area
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
IBC Allowable Height and Area
Fire sprinklers: Historically proven to provide a major life safety benefit.
Adding fire sprinklers to a building allows a 400 percent increase in allowable area for a 1-story building or a 300 percent increase in allowable area for buildings greater than 1 story in height.
The presence of sprinkler systems provides many other bonuses in other parts of the code.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

30. Other Design Constraints
THE WORK OF THE DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
Other Design Constraints
Accessibility: Americans with Disabilities Act, Fair Housing Act, and other accessibility regulations
Worker safety: Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations
Environmental regulations: Protection of sensitive land, limits on emission of air pollutants, etc.
Building insurance industry: Incentives to build in ways that limit property damage
and more
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

31. CONSTRUCTON STANDARDS AND INFORMATION RESOURCES
1 Making Buildings
CONSTRUCTON STANDARDS AND INFORMATION RESOURCES
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

32. Standards-Setting Agencies
CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS & INFORMATION RESOURCES
Standards-Setting Agencies
Most construction standards are developed by independent organizations that rely on industry consensus for adoption. Examples:
ASTM International: consensus organization for materials and methods standards
American National Standards Institute (ANSI): develops and certifies standards for a wide variety of products and systems
International Code Council: IBC, IRC, accessibility standards, green building standards, etc.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

33. Standards-Setting Agencies
CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS & INFORMATION RESOURCES
Standards-Setting Agencies
Also government agencies, such as:
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST)
National Research Council Canada Institute for Research in Construction (NRC-IRC)
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

34. Construction Trade and Professional Organizations
CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS & INFORMATION RESOURCES
Construction Trade and Professional Organizations
Perform research and develop standards relevant to their particular group’s interests. Examples:
American Institute of Architects (AIA)
Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
Western Wood Products Association
and many, many more…
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

35. CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS & INFORMATION RESOURCES
MasterFormat
Numbering system for the organization of construction materials and systems
Developed by CSI and Canadian counterpart Construction Specifications Canada (CSC)
50 major Divisions
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

36. MasterFormat CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS & INFORMATION RESOURCES
Procurement and Contracting Requirements Group
Division 00 – Procurement and Contracting Requirements
Specifications Group
General Requirements Subgroup
Division 01 – General Requirements
Facility Construction Subgroup
Division 02 – Existing Conditions
Division 03 – Concrete
Division 04 – Masonry
Division 05 - Metals
Division 06 – Wood, Plastics, and Composites
Division 07 – Thermal and Moisture Protection
Division 08 – Openings
Division 09 – Finishes
Division 10 – Specialties
Division 11 – Equipment
Division 12 – Furnishings
Division 13 – Special Construction
Division 14 – Conveying Equipment
Facilities Services Subgroup
Division 21 – Fire Suppression
Division 22 – Plumbing
Division 23 – Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
Division 25 – Integrated Automation
Division 26 – Electrical
Division 27 – Communications
Division 28 – Electronic Safety and Security
Site and Infrastructure Subgroup
Division 31 – Earthwork
Division 32 – Exterior Improvements
Division 33 – Utilities
These are the Divisions most relevant to this text and building construction in general.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

37. CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS & INFORMATION RESOURCES
MasterFormat
Divisions are subdivided in Sections, that define the work of individual trades or suppliers. Sections may be further subdivided if needed.
Division 05 – Metals
Section – Structural Steel Framing
Section – Steel Joist Framing
Section – Steel Decking
Section – Cold-Formed Metal Framing
Section – Metal Fabrications
Section – Metal Ladders
Section Vertical Metal Ladders
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

38. Organize construction cost data
CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS & INFORMATION RESOURCES
MasterFormat
Provide an outline for construction specifications, the written portion of construction documents
Organize construction cost data
Organize trade and technical literature
May be used to systematize notes on construction drawings
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

39. Other organizational systems
CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS & INFORMATION RESOURCES
Other organizational systems
CSI/CSC Uniformat
Classification of building elements by functional groups, such as substructure, shell, interiors, services, etc.
Recommended for early stage design and pricing
OmniClass Construction Classification System (OCCS)
A broadly flexible system that can be used to organize construction information according to any of a number of schemes, such as function, form, elements, work results, phases, properties, etc.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

40. THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL: CONSTRUCTION BUILDINGS
1 Making Buildings
THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL: CONSTRUCTION BUILDINGS
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

41. Providing Construction Services
THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL
Providing Construction Services
Allocation of responsibilities and risks among major parties
Design team: architects, engineers, and other consultants
Construction team: General contractor, subcontractors, suppliers
Owner team: Owner, financers, user groups
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

42. Providing Construction Services
THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL
Providing Construction Services
Design/Bid/Build
Owner separately hires design team and construction team
Advantage: Separate design and construction entities provide useful checks and balances
Disadvantage: Difficult to integrate construction expertise into design
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

43. Providing Construction Services
THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL
Providing Construction Services
Design/Build
Owner hires one entity that provides both design and construction services
Advantage: Allows fuller collaboration between design and construction teams
Disadvantage: Lack of independent advocate for design; fewer built in checks and balances
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

44. Providing Construction Services
THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL
Providing Construction Services
Construction Management
Owner hires CM as independent entity to oversee design and construction services provided by multiple entities
Advantage: Independent construction expertise is available to owner throughout project
Most commonly associated with large scale, complex projects
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

45. Providing Construction Services
THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL
Providing Construction Services
Other project delivery forms
CM at risk: combines aspects of construction manager with general contractor.
Turnkey construction entity: provides financing as well as construction services
Single-purpose entity: combines owner, design, and construction teams into one legal entity
and many more variations
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

46. Paying for Construction Services
THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL
Paying for Construction Services
Fixed fee (lump sum)
Owner pays an agreed, fixed amount for work to be performed.
GC assumes most risk or potential reward for unexpected construction costs or savings.
Best suited to projects where scope of work is clearly defined before construction starts. (If scope is unknown, it is difficult to determine what the fixed, full cost should be.)
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

47. Paying for Construction Services
THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL
Paying for Construction Services
Cost plus a fee
Owner pays GC’s costs plus a fee.
Owner assumes more cost risk/savings reward potential.
Well suited to projects where scope is not fully defined when construction begins.
Can include a guaranteed maximum fee to cap Owner’s cost risk.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

48. Construction Phasing Sequential Construction
THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL
Construction Phasing
Sequential Construction
Each major project phase begins only after the preceding phase is completed.
Design is completed before construction begins.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

49. Construction Phasing Phased Construction
THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL
Construction Phasing
Phased Construction
Design and construction phases overlap.
Construction starts before design is complete.
Aim is to reduce total project duration.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

50. Construction Phasing Sequential construction is simpler to manage.
THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL
Construction Phasing
Sequential construction is simpler to manage.
Phased construction requires closer coordination between design and construction activities.
Phased construction can introduce additional risks if elements built early come into conflict with later design decisions.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

51. THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL
Construction Phasing
Phased construction is most naturally suited to design/build and construction management project delivery, where construction expertise is available during the design phases of the project.
Traditionally, sequential construction is most commonly associated with design/bid/build construction.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

52. Construction Scheduling
THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL
Construction Scheduling
Gantt Charts
Represent project tasks or phases on a horizontal timeline
Provide an easy to understand picture of a project schedule and task relationships.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

53. Construction Scheduling
THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL
Construction Scheduling
Critical Path Method
Analyzes task dependencies.
The critical path is the sequence of tasks that determines the least amount of time in which a project can be completed.
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

54. Trends in the Delivery of Design and Construction Services
THE WORK OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL
Trends in the Delivery of Design and Construction Services
Improving collaboration between major parties: design/build construction, integrated practice models, etc.
Improving efficiency in production: lean construction
Improving information management: building information modeling (BIM)
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.