1. Radio Navigation

2. Effective use of NAV instruments
HDG 105° DME20
ALT = 5000ft
Radial 140
Incercept: 345° CRS TO
Do I turn left or right?
Do I fly heading 315° or 015°?

3. Radio Navigation For a successful navigation we need to:
Understand how to use a map
Understand the function of an OBI/RMI
Understand the terminology
Only after we can be fully able to navigate

4. How to use a map

5. How to use a map

6. Understand the RMI

8. Understand the RMI

9. Understand the RMI

10. Terminology

11. Terminology

12. Terminology

13. Terminology

14. Basic Rule for navigation
Consider the compass instrument as a map.
(needle) arrow ALWAYS FALL (RMI).
(needle) tail ALWAYS RISE (RMI).
The station is ALWAYS IN THE CENTER.
The aircraft is ALWAYS ON THE TAIL.

15. Basic Rule for navigation
Omni Bearing Indicator

16. Using OBI for navigation
Omni Bearing Indicator
Let’s remove numbers for the purpose of exercise

17. Using OBI for navigation
I cannot determine accurate position whitout centering
Accurate position is needed to carry out accurate navigation

18. Using OBI for navigation
Step 1: center the instrument.
It is not important if it falls To or From

19. Using OBI for navigation
Where is the station?

20. Using OBI for navigation
Where is the station?
Always in the center of the instrument!

21. Using OBI for navigation
Where is the aircraft?

22. Using OBI for navigation
Where is the aircraft?
Always on the tail of the needle!
Which one is the tail?

23. Using OBI for navigation
Where is the aircraft?
Always on the tail of the needle!
Look at the pointer TO/FROM

24. Using OBI for navigation
I have no indication about the heading of the aircraft.
Which radial do I want to intercept?

25. Using OBI for navigation
Find the route I want to follow

26. Using OBI for navigation
Find the route I want to follow

27. Using OBI for navigation
bring selected route parallel from the center of the instrument, and find the desired heading

28. Using OBI for navigation
Now start turning onto the new heading frist.
Then move the OBS to select desired radial.

29. Using RMI for navigation
Radio Magnetic Indicator

30. Using RMI for navigation
Radio Magnetic Indicator
Let’s remove numbers for the purpose of exercise

31. Using RMI for navigation
Where is the station?

32. Using RMI for navigation
Where is the aircraft?

33. Using RMI for navigation
The heading of the aircraft is always upward.
Now find the radial to intercept.

34. Using RMI for navigation
Visualise the range of possible headings to intercept as desired

35. Using RMI for navigation
Note that in this example a 90° intercept would bring us intercepting the reciprocal radial.
If radial has to be inbound, leave adequate turn distance

36. Using RMI for navigation
Once selected a heading turn onto that heading, the RMI allow monitoring of intercept progress

37. Using RMI for navigation
Coming back on numbers, let’s monitor this intercept
I turn 45° on the left, new heading 325°

38. Using RMI for navigation
Coming back to basic rules:
Arrows always falls,
Tails always rise.
Will the needle move toward the blue cross?

39. Using RMI for navigation
Yes, the aircraft is leaving the station behind on the left wing:
Arrows always falls,
Tails always rise.

40. Using RMI for navigation
To intercept the radial inbound, shall I turn left or right?

41. Advanced Use of RMI
I read DME20, and wish to intercept radial 220 at DME 10
From such point I will join a left DME10 arc until radial 090
Can you see the intended track?

42. Advanced Use of RMI
Draw distance circles, my aircraft is at 20DME.

43. Advanced Use of RMI Draw distance circles, my aircraft is at 20DME.
Find desired Radial

44. Advanced Use of RMI Draw distance circles, my aircraft is at 20DME.
Find desired Radial
Find desired DME

45. Advanced Use of RMI
Find desired heading to reach the point and see the subsequent turn and arc.

46. Advanced Use of RMI
Find desired heading to reach the point and see the subsequent turn and arc.

47. Flying DME arcs.
The direction of the arc as left or right is referred to the direction of turns once established in the arc.

48. Flying DME arcs.
The direction of initial turn depend from the inbound/outbound arrival.
The arc is flown as straight segments of approximately 10 degrees

49. Advanced Use of RMI Enter the 10NM Arc to the left.
Actual DME read 20NM

50. Advanced Use of RMI
Proceed inbound the station until DME reads 10 plus leading distance.
Make short legs of 10 degrees.

51. Advanced Use of RMI
Once the DME reads 10 keep yourself abeam the station

52. Advanced Use of RMI
If DME is correct the abeam will fluctuate from 5° above and below

53. Advanced Use of RMI
If DME read more than 10NM (i.e. wind) you will keep yourself in a position that allow to re-enter the arc, still turn every 10 radials.

54. Advanced Use of RMI
If DME read less than 10NM (i.e. wind) you will keep yourself in a position that allow to re-exit the arc, still turn every 10 radials.

55. Advanced Use of RMI HDG 105° DME20 ALT = 5000ft Radial 140
Incercept: 345° CRS TO
Do I turn left or right?
Do I fly heading 315° or 015°?

56. Advanced Use of RMI HDG 105° DME20 ALT = 5000ft Radial 140
Incercept: 345° CRS TO
Do I turn left or right?
Do I fly heading 315° or 015°?

57. Advanced Use of RMI

58. Advanced Use of RMI
turn left or right?
hdg 315° or 015°?