1. What is Mitosis?
We, as humans, don’t start out life as a hundred trillion cells--we start as one. The process of Mitosis explains HOW we get from one cell to a hundred trillion.

2. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Important Terms
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
prokaryotic cell- do NOT go through mitosis, but instead experience a process called binary fission.
eukaryotic cell- The cells that make up the plants and animals that we know, (including humans”. These cells experience the cell cycle and mitosis, allowing for cell division

3. Important Terms Diploid vs. Haploid diploid (2n)-
A cell or organism consisting of two complete sets of chromosomes.
One set comes from the father and one from the mother.
The body cells of animals are diploid.
haploid (n)-
This is the number of chromosomes in a gamete (sex cell).
In humans, we have 23 unpaired haploid chromosomes.
In animals, gametes (sex cells) are haploid.

4. Somatic Cells vs. Gametes
Important Terms
Somatic Cells vs. Gametes
Somatic cells-
All the cells in the body that are not gametes used for reproduction.
Examples are cells in internal organs, bones, blood, and connective tissue
These are the cells that undergo mitosis
Gametes-
Reproductive cells (sex cells).
Contain a haploid (n) set of chromosomes
These will undergo a process called Meiosis which you will learn next project.

5. Terms to Know
Mother cell- known also as the parent cell, and from which the daughter cells are made
Daughter cells-genetically identical to the mother (or parent) cell
Chromatin - a combination of DNA and proteins. When cell division begins, they form chromosomes.
Chromatid- a copy of a duplicated chromosomes, that is jointed to the other copy by a centromere
Centromeres-an area on a chromosome that joins sister chromatids.
Centrioles - These are used to pull chromatids apart to opposite sides of the cell during mitosis.

6. Mitosis which we will analyze this project.
Quick Review
Now that we have studied the whole Cell Cycle, we know that the cycle is broken up into two main sections.
Interphase (where it spends most of the time and we studied last project)
Mitosis which we will analyze this project.

7. Interphase Where we left off in interphase at the end of G2...
All the organelles have been duplicated
&
All the DNA has been duplicated

8. Mitosis-The Process
Cells reproduce by dividing; a mother cell divides into two daughter cells that are exactly like the mother cell.
Each of these daughter cells will continue growing for awhile and then they will each divide into two more cells. This process continues until, eventually, there is the necessary amount of cells to make an organism.
The process to create all of these cells is extensive.

9. Prophase This is the first and longest stage of mitosis
1. The chromatin condenses and becomes visible for the first time.
2. The centrioles separate, and a spindle begins to form.
3. The nuclear envelope breaks down to allow the movement of DNA outside the nucleus.

10. Metaphase
The centrioles that were created in prophase attach to the chromosomes.
The chromosomes move to the equatorial plate.

11. Anaphase
1. Spindle fibers separate and pull apart the chromatids, creating two daughter chromosomes.
2. The daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
This process is important because this means that the “almost” daughter cells will have full, identical sets of chromosomes, being identical to the parent cell .

12. Telophase
1. New nuclei begin to form around the new sets of daughter chromosomes at each end of the cell.
2. The chromosomes regain their loose form.
3. The spindle fibers are disassembled
4. Cytokinesis begins

13. Final Result : Two daughter cells!!
Cytokinesis
The cell’s cytoplasm divides, making two new cells--the daughter cells.
The daughter cells are genetically identical to the mother (or parent) cell.
Final Result : Two daughter cells!!
Identical
Diploid
Somatic

14. Mitosis in Review

15. Right click to follow the hyperlinks
Mitosis in Review
Visit these links if you need more information and to watch Mitosis in action:
s3.html
Right click to follow the hyperlinks