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Remote Sensing Radar Instructor: Gabriel Parodi

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1 Remote Sensing Radar Instructor: Gabriel Parodi
Implementation of the Training Strategy of the Monitoring for Environment and Security in Africa (MESA) Programme Remote Sensing Radar Instructor: Gabriel Parodi Date: 01/03/2017 Training Reference: 2017 RSGIS_01 Document Reference: 2017RSGIS_01/PPT/L3 Issue: 2017/L3/3/V2_En Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2 Lecturer at University of Twente, ITC
Name Responsibility Contributions from Gabriel Parodi Lecturer at University of Twente, ITC Edited by Tesfaye Korme  Team Leader and Training Manager, Particip GmbH  Reviewed by Martin Gayer  Project Manager, Particip GmbH  Approved by Robert Brown Technical Development Specialist (TDS), TAT

3 Short Introduction RS Trainer: Mr. Gabriel Parodi
Department of Water Resources, Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) at the University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. MESA Training Contractor: Particip-ITC-VITO Consortium Consortium partners Particip GmbH Martin Gayer: ITC – Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation Chris Mannaerts: VITO – Remote Sensing Unit Applications Team Sven Gilliams: Particip is the main Contractor

4 Radar Principles of radar remote sensing
Lesson i: Title: clarify 1/59 Radar Topics: Principles of radar remote sensing Geometric properties of radar images SAR raw data processing Geometric and radiometric distortions of radar images Basics of SAR interferometry SAR applications more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

5 Platform tbd animation more illustrations animation video tutorial
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 2/59 Platform tbd animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

6 The components of a wave
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 3/59 Waves tbd The components of a wave animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

7 Wavelengths Basic principle of radar more illustrations animation
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 4/59 Wavelengths Basic principle of radar more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

8 Microwave region of spectrum
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 5/59 Microwave region of spectrum tbd animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

9 Radar System tbd animation more illustrations animation video tutorial
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 6/59 Radar System tbd animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

10 Partial penetration of soil/vegetation
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 7/59 Advantages of radar All-weather Day and night Sensitive for: geometric shape surface roughness moisture contents Partial penetration of soil/vegetation animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

11 Radar Image ERS-1 tbd animation more illustrations animation video
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 8/59 Radar Image tbd ERS-1 animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

12 SAR systems Aircraft CCRS Convair 580 JPL AirSAR Others Satellites
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 9/59 SAR systems Aircraft CCRS Convair 580 JPL AirSAR Others Satellites Seasat SIR A,B,C ERS-1,2 JERS-1 ALMAZ Radarsat Envisat animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

13 Electromagnetic Waves
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 10/59 Electromagnetic Waves tbd Polarised Micro Wave animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

14 Imaging Geometry Altitude Nadir Azimuth Range Slant range Near range
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 11/59 Imaging Geometry Altitude Nadir Azimuth Range Slant range Near range Far range Swath width Swath length Incidence angle animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

15 SAR Imaging Geometry tbd animation more illustrations animation video
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 12/59 SAR Imaging Geometry tbd animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

16 Real Aperture Radar (RAR) System
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 13/59 Imaging Radar system Real Aperture Radar (RAR) System animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

17 Radar pulse propagation and reflection
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 14/59 Radar pulse propagation and reflection animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

18 Incidence angle tbd animation more illustrations animation video
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 15/59 Incidence angle tbd animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

19 Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 16/59
Spatial resolution In principle the spatial resolution in slant range and azimuth direction are determined by the pulse length and the antenna beam width, respectively. This setup is called Real Aperture Radar (RAR)! animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

20 Slant range resolution
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 17/59 Slant range resolution tbd animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

21 Slant and ground resolution
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 18/59 Slant and ground resolution animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

22 Azimuth Resolution Ar = l / l * R = ß * R tbd animation
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 19/59 Azimuth Resolution tbd Ar = l / l * R = ß * R animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

23 RAR geometry Different angles tbd animation more illustrations
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 20/59 RAR geometry tbd Different angles animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

24 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 21/59 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) tbd SAR principle animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

25 Distortions in radar images
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 22/59 Distortions in radar images Scale distortions Terrain-induced distortions Foreshortening Layover Shadow Radiometric distortions Speckles (reduction) animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

26 Layover-foreshortening-shadow
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 23/59 Relief distortions Layover-foreshortening-shadow animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

27 Foreshortening animation more illustrations animation video tutorial
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 24/59 Foreshortening animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

28 Layover animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 25/59 Layover animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

29 Shadow on Radar animation more illustrations animation video tutorial
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 26/59 Shadow on Radar animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

30 Radiometric Distortions
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 27/59 Radiometric Distortions Speckles are caused by the interference of multiple backscattered signals, thus it is a ‘noise’ that degrades the quality of an image. In order to reduce the influence of speckle one option is to use a speckle filter for the image. a) Original Image b) Speckle filtered image animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

31 Basics to Interpret Radar Images
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 28/59 Basics to Interpret Radar Images Surface roughness Complex dielectric constant Surface Orientation Volume scattering Point Objects animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

32 Reflectance animation more illustrations animation video tutorial
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 29/n Reflectance animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

33 Complex dielectric constant
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 30/n Complex dielectric constant The dielectric constant is an electrical property that influences the interaction between the object and the electromagnetic energy. E.g. with increase of soil moisture, the backscatter coefficient also increases, which produces brighter image signatures. Test site at Outlook, Saskatchewan showing potato fields at pre-emergence stage; C - VV airborne radar; A = irrigated field, B = non-irrigated field. (Source: animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

34 Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 31/n
Surface Orientation The scattering depends also on the orientation of the objects. Objects will appear bright if their orientation causes that the energy is optimal reflected toward the antenna. animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

35 Volume scattering animation more illustrations animation video
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 32/n Volume scattering animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

36 Volume Scattering animation more illustrations animation video
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 33/59 Volume Scattering animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

37 Complex volume scattering
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 34/59 Complex volume scattering animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

38 Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 35/59
Point Objects Objects can give a very strong backscattering due to a phenomena called ‘corner reflections’. animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

39 Effects of row structures
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 36/59 Effects of row structures animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

40 Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 37/59
Image Generation To generate radar images several options are possible such as: Signal processing Multi-looking Geometric corrections Radiometric Calibration Radiometric Scaling and Enhancement Spatial filtering Data fusion animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

41 Image Resampling animation more illustrations animation video tutorial
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 38/59 Image Resampling animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

42 Filtering animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 39/59 Filtering animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

43 Speckle Filtering Before After animation more illustrations animation
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 40/59 Speckle Filtering Before After animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

44 Multi-temporal colour composites
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 41/59 Multi-temporal colour composites Date 1 Date 2 Date 3 animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

45 Radar interpretation Should take into account mainly ...
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 42/59 Radar interpretation Should take into account mainly ... surface roughness moisture content but also system characteristics... polarisation flight direction incidence angle topography wavelength animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

46 Wind influence (surface roughness)
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 43/59 Wind influence (surface roughness) Smooth water surface (rivers) causing low backscatter Rough water surface (rivers) causing relatively high backscatter animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

47 Polarised images SLAR system Oklahoma Scale 1:160,000 K band (3.2cm)
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 44/59 Polarised images SLAR system Oklahoma Scale 1:160,000 K band (3.2cm) HH polarization HV polarization animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

48 Polarised images California SLAR system Scale 1:75,000 K band
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 45/59 Polarised images SLAR system California Scale 1:75,000 K band HH polarization HV polarization animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

49 Incidence angle W - open water C - clear cut area in the forest
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 46/59 Incidence angle W - open water C - clear cut area in the forest S - swamp p - power line R - road F - forest animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

50 Wavelength (‘band’) influence
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 47/59 Wavelength (‘band’) influence A mixture of crops and woodlands X band (3.2 cm) L band (23.5 cm) animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

51 Spaceborne SAR systems
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 48/59 Spaceborne SAR systems Instrument Band Remarks Owner Radarsat C Canada ERS-1 Not operational ESA ERS-2 Envisat-ASAR JERS-1 L Japan SRTM C and X Space shuttle mission NASA ALOS Planned 2005 TerraSAR-X X Planned 2006 Germany animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

52 RadarSat animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 49/59 RadarSat animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

53 Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 50/59
Stereo Viewing Radarsat capable of viewing same location from different positions Gives classic stereo capability animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

54 Spaceborne SAR - Anaglyphs
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 51/59 Spaceborne SAR - Anaglyphs animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

55 Interpretation - applications
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 52/59 Interpretation - applications Oil spills Topo & roughness maps Agriculture animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

56 Classification of multi-temporal ERS
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 53/59 Classification of multi-temporal ERS animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

57 Hydrology applications
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 54/59 Hydrology applications Soil moisture Flood extent animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

58 Forest monitoring: classification
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 55/59 Forest monitoring: classification ERS-1 multitemporal,detail ERS-1, time series of 4 segmented images Forest Secondary vegetation Sec. Veg. of Cecropia spp. Pasture Pasture and sec. vegetation Miscellaneous ERS-1, classified time series of 4 segemented images From W. Bijker, 1997 animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

59 SAR Interferometry (INSAR)
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 56/59 SAR Interferometry (INSAR) Examples: Extraction of 3D information of the Earth’s surface Mapping of small surface changes, land subsidence, volcanic eruptions, changes due to earthquakes animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

60 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 57/59 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Worldwide digital elevation model animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

61 Land subsidence using INSAR
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 58/59 Land subsidence using INSAR Land subsidence often occurs in active mining regions. This example of brown coal open-pit mining west of the city of Cologne, Germany shows an estimate of annual subsidence rates derived from interferometric observations (inset right) using the "permanent scatterer" technique. In this case subsidence rates up to 60 mm/year are observed for extended regions. The subsidence visualized in the image is caused by the lowering of the water-table during mining operation. Source: DLR, animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

62 Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 59/59
Earthquakes and INSAR This image (Courtesy P. Rosen, JPL) shows the area of the Kobe earthquake imaged by the JERS-1 L-band (25 cm wavelength) radar. The time separation between the two images used to form this interferogram is 2.5 years. The areas of high decorrelation corresponds to the areas of high damage as well as high strain. The phase coherence maps can provide information on the spatial extent of the destruction. (Source: animation more illustrations animation video tutorial tryout formulae more text glossary help

63 Learning Activities intro clarify look act reflect assess
Lesson 6.1: Radar: clarify 59+1 Learning Activities intro clarify look act reflect assess Check intro for how to continue

64 Lessons 1. Remote sensing – why? (mandatory)
Course: DERS Lessons 1. Remote sensing – why? (mandatory) 2. Electromagnetic energy and remote sensing (mandatory) 3. Sensors and platforms (mandatory) 4. Aerial cameras and photography (mandatory) 5.1 Multispectral scanners: whiskbroom and pushbroom (mandatory) 5.2 Multispectral scanners: earth observation systems (discretionary) i Active sensors: radar (discretionary) 6.2 Active sensors: laser scanning (discretionary) 7. Sub-surface remote sensing (discretionary) 8. Radiometric correction (mandatory) 9. Geometric aspects (mandatory) 10. Image enhancement and visualization (mandatory) 11. Visual image interpretation (mandatory) 12. Digital image classification (mandatory) 13. Thermal remote sensing (discretionary) 14. Imaging spectrometry (discretionary) 15. Final project

65 Lesson 6.1: Radar Glossary Backscatter: The microwave signal reflected by elements of an illuminated surface in the direction of the radar antenna. Di-electric constant: Parameter that describes the electrical properties of medium. Reflectivity of a surface and penetration of microwaves into the material are determined by this parameter. Foreshortening: Spatial distortion whereby terrain slopes facing the side-looking radar are mapped as having a compressed range scale relative to its appearance if the same terrain was flat. Ground range: Range direction of the side-looking radar image as projected onto the horizontal reference plane. Incidence angle: Angle between the line of sight from the sensor to an element of an imaged scene and a vertical direction to the scene. Interferometry: Computational process that makes use of the interference of two coherent waves. In the case of imaging radar, two different paths for imaging cause phase differences from which an interferogram can be derived.

66 Lesson 6.1: Radar Glossary Layover: Extreme from of Foreshortening, i.e. relief distortion in imagery, in which the top of the reelecting object (e.g. a mountain) is closer to the radar than the lower part of the object. The image of such a feature appears to have fallen over towards the radar. Range: Line of sight between the radar and each illuminated scatterer. RAR : Acronym for Real Aperture Radar SAR: Acronym for Synthetic Aperture Radar. Slate Range: Image direction as measured along the sequence of line of sight Speckle: Interference of backscattered waves stored in the cells of a radar image. It causes the return signals to be extinguished or amplified resulting in random dark and bright pixels in the image.

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