1. Standards
21st Century Life and Careers (2014) ST-SM.3 Analyze the impact that science and mathematics has on society.
21st Century Life and Careers (2014) ST-SM.4 Apply critical thinking skills to review information, explain statistical analysis, and to translate, interpret and summarize research and statistical data.
Science (NJSLS-S 2014) The process of photosynthesis converts light energy to stored chemical energy by converting carbon dioxide plus water into sugars plus re leased oxygen. (HS-LS1-5)
Science (NJSLS-S 2014) Changes of energy and matter in a system can be described in terms of energy and matter flows into, out of, and within that system. (HS-LS1-5), (HS-LS1-6)
Science (NJSLS-S 2014) Use a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or between components of a system. (HS- LS1-4),(HS-LS1-5),(HS-LS1-7)
Science (NJSLS-S 2014) As matter and energy flow through different organizational levels of living systems, chemical elements are recombined in different ways to form different products. (HS-LS1-6),(HS-LS1-7)
Science (NJSLS-S 2014) As a result of these chemical reactions, energy is transferred from one system of interacting molecules to another. Cellular respiration is a chemical process in which the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and new compounds are formed that can transport energy to muscles. Cellular respiration also releases the energy needed to maintain body temperature despite ongoing energy transfer to the surrounding environment. (HS-LS1-7)
Science (NJSLS-S 2014) Energy cannot be created or destroyed—it only moves between one place and another place, between objects and/or fields, or between systems. (HS-LS1-7)

2. What is the purpose of this car battery
What is the purpose of this car battery? If the battery is drained of energy, can it ever again supply energy? What parts of your body might act like a battery? What do you think provides energy on the cellular level?

4. Cellular Respiration Includes pathways that require oxygen
Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced
Glucose breakdown is therefore an oxidation-reduction reaction
Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules

5. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6H O2
YIELDS
6CO2 + 12H ATP’s

6. What Type of Process is Cellular Respiration?
An Oxidation-Reduction Process or REDOX Reaction
Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> CO2 + H2O (e- removed from C6H12O6)
Reduction  O2  to  H2O (e- passed to O2)

7. What Carries the Electrons?
NAD+ (nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts as the energy carrier
NAD+ is a coenzyme
It’s Reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion

8. Are There Any Other Electron Carriers?
YES! Another Coenzyme!
FAD+ (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)
Reduced to FADH2

9. Other Cellular Respiration Facts
Metabolic Pathway that breaks down carbohydrates
Process is Exergonic as High-energy Glucose is broken into CO2 and H2O
Process is also Catabolic because larger Glucose breaks into smaller molecules

10. What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?
Glycolysis
Pyruvic Acid Conversion
The Krebs Cycle
The Electron Transport Chain

11. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria

12. Review of Mitochondria Structure
Smooth outer Membrane
Folded inner membrane
Folds called Cristae
Space inside cristae called the Matrix

13. Diagram of the Process Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm
Occurs in Matrix

14. Glycolysis Summary Requires input of 2 ATP
Takes place in the Cytoplasm
Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
Requires input of 2 ATP
Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid

15. Glycolysis Summary Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP
Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO2 is removed

16. Glycolysis Diagram

17. Fermentation Nets only 2 ATP Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired)
Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol and Carbon dioxide)
Called Bacterial fermentation in bacteria (produces acetic acid)
Nets only 2 ATP

18. Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate) Conversion
In the second step, pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH), from glycolysis enters the matrix, the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion.

19. Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate) Conversion
Once pyruvic acid is in the mitochondrial matrix, NAD+ accepts 2 high-energy electrons and 2 H+ to form NADH + H+ . Two molecules of CO2 are also produced (1 per molecule of pyruvate).

20. Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate) Conversion
The remaining 2 carbon atoms react to form acetate.
Acetate reacts with Coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.

21. Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate) Conversion
Reactants of pyruvate conversion:
2 molecules pyruvate

22. Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate) Conversion
Products of pyruvate conversion:
2 CO2
2 NADH + H+
2 acetates form (join with Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA)
Acetyl CoA is the ticket into the Krebs cycle.

23. A Little Krebs Cycle History
Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937
He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discovery
Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish

24. Krebs Cycle Summary Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle
Turns twice per glucose molecule
Produces two ATP
Takes place in matrix of mitochondria

25. Krebs Cycle Summary
Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces 3NADH, 1FADH2, and 2CO2
Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP

26. Krebs Cycle
ATP
NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2

27. Electron Transport Chain Summary
34 ATP Produced
H2O Produced
Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane
Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose
NADH = 3 ATP’s
FADH2 = 2 ATP’s

28. Electron Transport Chain Summary
34 ATP Produced
H2O Produced
Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane
Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose
NADH = 3 ATP’s
FADH2 = 2 ATP’s

29. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis)
Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.
Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP.
ETC pumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane (lowers pH in innermembrane space).

30. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis)
The H+ then move via diffusion (Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP.
All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration.
Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.
Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH).