1. Lesson Five
Love is a Fallacy
---- by Max Shulman

2. Aims To have a basic knowledge of the terms in logic.
To appreciate the humor in the story
To appreciate the language

3. Max Shulman( )
---one of America’s best known humorists, a writer of many talents.
---the world's most underrated romantic poet

4. Max Shulman
Affairs of Dobie Gillis (1953)

5. Quotations from Dobie Gillis
"My name is Dobie Gillis and I like girls. What am I saying? I love girls! Love 'em! Beautiful, gorgeous, soft, round, creamy girls. Now, I'm not a wolf, mind you. No, you see a wolf wants lots of girls, but me? Well, I just want one. One beautiful, gorgeous, soft, round, creamy girl for my very own. "But I'll tell you a sad, hard fact. I'm never gonna get a girl. Never. Why? Because to get a girl you need money . And standing between me and money is a powerful obstacle: a POWERFUL obstacle!"

6. argument—evidence in support of some thesis or conclusion 1. premise
Special terms in logic
argument—evidence in support of some thesis or conclusion
1. premise
2. conclusion

7. Fallacy
1. a false or mistaken idea,, opinion, etc,
e.g. It’s a popular fallacy that success brings happiness.
2. a false reasoning:
e.g. I was able to show the fallacy of his argument.

8. fallacy -- false reasoning, as in an argument
a weakness and lack of logic or good sense in an argument or piece of reasoning

9. Special terms in logic Three kinds of fallacy:
1. material fallacy – because of a misstatement of the facts
2. verbal fallacy – because of an incorrect use of terms
3. logical fallacy—because of the use of an improper process of inference

10. The fallacy of accident (Dicto Simplicity)
Hasty Generalization
The fallacy of false cause (Post Hoc)
Contradictory Premises
Ad Misericordian
False Analogy
The fallacy of many questions (Hypothesis Contrary to Fact)
The argument ad hominem (Poisoning the Well)

11. --- an argument based on an unqualified generalization
Dicta Simpliciter
--- an argument based on an unqualified generalization
Exercise is good. Therefore everybody should exercise.

12. -- Every one wants to get married someday.
--Watching television is a waste of time.
---Teachers in capitalist countries are out for all the money they can get.

13. Hasty Generalization You can’t speak French. I can’t speak French.
Petey Burch can’t speak French.
I must therefore conclude that nobody at the university of Minnesota can speak French.

14. "Mr Wang's handwriting is terrible.
Mr. Hu's handwriting is also terrible and you know how terrible men's handwriting is ."

15. A certain food is delicious to some people, thus, it is delicious to all people.

16. Fred , the Australian, stole my wallet
Fred , the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves.

17. The fallacy of false cause (Post Hoc)
Let’s not take Bill on our picnic. Every time we take him out with us, it rains.

18. "The last five times that I've worn my white pants, something depressing has happened. I'm not going to wear those pants again!"

19. Immigration to Alberta from Ontario increased
Immigration to Alberta from Ontario increased. Soon after, the welfare rolls increased. Therefore, the increased immigration caused the increased welfare rolls.

20. Contradictory Premises
If God can do anything, can He make a stone so heavy that He won’t be able to lift it?

21. Ad Misericordian ---an appeal to “pity”
"Look at this fourteen-year-old child who's run away from home to hide her shame-- pregnant, unwashed, friendless. penniless, at the mercy of our social service agencies. Can you still claim that sex should be taught in the classroom?"

22. A trial lawyer tries to appeal to the jury’s sympathy for his client instead of arguing for his client’s innocence.

23. We hope you’ll accept our recommendations
We hope you’ll accept our recommendations. We spent the last 3 months working extra time on it.

24. False Analogy
"High school should not require a freshman writing course . Harvard doesn't require a freshman writing course, and the students get along fine without it".

25. The fallacy of many questions (Hypothesis Contrary to Fact)
If I had studied harder, I would definitely have passed that test.

26. The argument ad hominem (Poisoning the Well)
---"against the person".
" Ms Bauer is a terrible English teacher. She always wears blue jeans"

27. Women are on average not as strong as men and less able to perform well politically. Therefore, women can't pull their weight in government work.
People all over the world are peace-loving.
All students in this unversity can speak English very well.

28. His parents love him. His miss Right loves him
His parents love him. His miss Right loves him. So everybody he knows loves him.
McDonald's and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.

29. Most young criminals watch violent movies before they commit their crimes; obviously, violent movies lead to juvenile delinquency.
Don’t eat eggs before an exam. I am flunked every time when I take an exam after eating an egg.
I will not go to the library any more, because every time I go there, it rains.

30. He decided to give up all his decisions.
Think of all the poor, starving African children! How could rich countries be so cruel as not to help them?
When the job interviewers asks the job-hunter to make a brief self-introduction, he replies that he has to find a job to afford his old parents and young children who are now suffering from hunger.

31. Young children are like flowers——flowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative.
We can take food and books in the train, then shouldn’t we take a bomb with us in the train?

32. If TV were not invented, today people would never have such wonderful entertainment brought by TV.
If Chinese had not overthrown Kuomingtang Regime, we would not live a happy life today.

33. When the new teacher asked Peter to answer the question, Tom rose to his feet and said: “Peter is a dance, he knows nothing about what you are talking about.”

34. Protagonist:
Dobie Gillis
Antagonists:
Petey Burch
Polly Espy

35. theme
---love is a fallacy

36. 1) There is a deceptive quality about love.
2) Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises.

37. On love
If you give an individual definition of love, what will your definition be?
Is love a fallacy?

38. About love Love is… Love means… Love implies… Love entails…
Love involves…
Love can…
Love is meant to be/to do…

39. 我不敢爱你 不是我不爱你 而是我爱了你 便怕失去了你
A Chinese poem
有关爱的谬误 丁义明
我不敢爱你 不是我不爱你 而是我爱了你 便怕失去了你

40. pre-reading questions
What does the narrator think about himself,Petey Burch and Polly Espy?
To exchange for the girl he wanted, what did he have to give?
Why is Polly a perfect candidate for his future wife?
How did his lesson on logic work with Polly?
Did he succeed in winning Polly? Why not?

41. Organizational Pattern
Sect. I para 1-3
the author's note
1. The author's idea about this story.
2. The author's idea about the purpose of this story.

42. Sect II para
the bargain between the law student and his roommate over the exchange of the girl

43. sub-divisions: 1) p4 introduction of the narrator -- protagonist
2) p5-21 introduction of the first antagonist -- Petey Burch
3) p introduction of the second antagonist -- Polly Espy
4) p finding out the relationship between Petey and Polly.
5) p unethical transaction over Polly

44. the teaching of 8 logical fallacies
Sect III. para
the teaching of 8 logical fallacies

45. sub-divisions:
1. p first date with the girl, first impression of the girl.
2. p Dicto Simpliciter
3. P Hasty Generalization
4. p Post Hoc
5. p Contradictory Premises
6. p interposition

46. 7. p Ad Misericordiam
8. p False Analogy
9. p Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
10.p Poisoning the Well

47. Sect.IV. para125– the end
backfiring of all the arguments

48. Details of the story
There is a deceptive or delusive quality about love.
Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises.

49. Charles Lamb (1775-1834) English essayist and critic
"Essays of Elia" (1823,1833).
"Tales from Shakespeare"
"Specimens of English Dramatic Poets"

50. “Charles Lamb, as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays, unfettered the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream's Children.” (metaphor)

51. unfetter
-- set free
let sth go freely / be completely out of control

52. the limitations set by Lamb ---frontier
There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb's frontier, ..
---metaphor
the limitations set by Lamb ---frontier

53. "limp" or "flaccid" or possibly "spongy" are perhaps more appropriate.
---lacking firmness
---soft, flabby, hanging in loose folds
---like a sponge, soft and porous

54. Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) British historian and essayist
The French Revolution (1837),
On Heroes, Hero Worship and
the Heroic in History (1841)
Past and Present (1843).

55. Thomas Carlyle ( )
"Carlyese" "Carlylism“
--biblical phrases
colloquialisms
his own coinings arranged in unexpected sequences.

56. John Ruskin -- (1819-1900) English critic and social theorist
a writer on art and architecture
Modern Painters
The Stones of Venice
The Seven Lamps of Architecture
Time and Tide

57. John Ruskin -- ( )
Positive program for social reforms:
Sesame and Lilies
The Crown of Wild Olive
The King of the Golden River

58. “that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma” (metaphor, hyperbole)
--- a painful emotional experience or shock, often producing a lasting psychic effect

59. (metaphor) logic -----a living thing ( a human being).
(hyperbole) exaggerates for the sake of effect.

60. Author’s note
1) His own idea about his own essay.
2) His own idea about the purpose of that essay.

61. Para 4
Introduction of the narrator --- a law student
"boasting"

62. keen
calculating
perspicacious
acute
astute

63. keen – (of the mind) active, sensitive, sharp
(syn. nimble, quick, adroit prompt, sharp smart ,swift)
~ sight
~ intelligence

64. calculating --
coldly panning and thinking about future actions and esp. whether they will be good or bad for oneself.

65. (fml.) quick to judge and understand
perspicacious ---
(fml.) quick to judge and understand
having or showing keen judgment and understanding

66. acute-- (senses, sensation, intellect) able to notice small differences
Dogs have an acute sense of smell.
astute -- shrewd , quick at seeing how to gain an advantage
--clever and able to see quickly sth, that is to one's advantage.

67. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist's scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. (simile, hyperbole)
--- a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
---such scales are more precise and accurate for they have to weigh small quantities of powder or other medicine
---a surgeon’s sharp knife used in operations

68. simile
His brain –
1. dynamo -- powerful
2. a chemist's scales--- precise, accurate
3. scalpel -- penetrating

69. Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox.
--- ellipsis
---- simile

70. A nice enough young fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs.
-- (Am. slang) empty-headed

71. Emotional type. Unstable. Impressionable. Worst of all, a faddist
Emotional type. Unstable. Impressionable. Worst of all, a faddist. (ellipsis)
---having feelings which are strong or easily moved
---easily moved, upset or changed
---a person who follows fads ( a passing fashion or craze)

72. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason.
-- a passion fashion or craze
--complete (absolute) lack

73. “To be swept up in every new craze that comes along, to surrender yourself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing it--this, to me, is the acme of mindlessness.”
-- to be carried away by, to follow enthusiastically
-- sth that is currently the fashion
--to yield, to indulge
--great foolishness or stupidity
--the greatest lack of intelligence, the height of stupidity

74. "Raccoon?" I said, pausing in my flight.
---stopped rushing out ( to get a doctor)

75. Raccoon and raccoon coat

76. incredulously
-- showing disbelief, unbelieving
an incredulous look/ smile
incredulously
incredibly

77. passionately
eagerly

78. Don't you want to be in the swim?"
---conforming to the current fashions, or active in the main current of affairs

79. --began to work at high speed or efficiency.
My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. (mixed metaphor)
--began to work at high speed or efficiency.
1) Narrator’s brain -- a precision instrument
2) brain -- a machine that has gears

80. The Chinese economy will be in high gear.
---in gear
---out of gear
The Chinese economy will be in high gear.

81. stroke – pass the hand over gently, esp. for pleasure
The cat likes to be stroked. (over the surface of )

82. Para. 23
the introduction of the second antagonist

83. heart---feelings and emotions head---reason and good sense
She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. ---(metonymy)
heart---feelings and emotions
head---reason and good sense

84. I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebral reason.
---conceived by the intellect rather than the emotions

85. What are the specifications of his future wife?

86. ---lines, shape of the body ---supply what is wanting
“She was not yet of pin-up proportions but I felt sure that time would supply the lack”.
---(Amr. Col) designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls
---lines, shape of the body
---supply what is wanting

87. makings qualities needed for the development of something
He doesn’t have the makings of a teacher.
He has in him the makings of a great man.

88. “She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of breeding,”
--- (sing) manner of carrying the head and body, physical posture (physical aspects of a person’s bearing )
--- way of carrying oneself, manner (characteristic physical and mental posture)

89. “I had seen her at the Kozy Kampus Korner eating the specialty of the house--a sandwich that contained scraps of pot roast, gravy, chopped nuts, and a dipper of sauerkraut--without even getting her fingers moist.”

90. dumb---( American slang) stupid, unintelligent
“It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.”
---antithesis
dumb---( American slang) stupid, unintelligent

91. I mean are you going steady or anything like that?"
---(Am. Col) to date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively

92. ---not considered as involved in a situation
"In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. (metaphor)
---not considered as involved in a situation
---an area where games or athletic events are held
---free to take part or compete in (games being held in the field)

93. reveal
show

94. ----to lessen the force of , weaken, as by euphemism
mince –
----to lessen the force of , weaken, as by euphemism
I never mince words, you know that.

95. ---to divide with doubt, uncertainty, agitate, torment
He was a torn man.
---to divide with doubt, uncertainty, agitate, torment

96. “First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window.” (simile)
his torn expression ---the expression of a hungry homeless child looking longingly at the bread at a bakery window

97. The chair swiveled to the right when he tried it.
Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning. (antithesis)
---to move around
The chair swiveled to the right when he tried it.

98. wane---decrease , fail, diminish, sink
wax-- increase in strength, size
wane---decrease , fail, diminish, sink
eg. My feelings for John wax and wane.
The popularity of the film stars waxed and waned.

99. antithesis
desire waxing---resolution waning

100. stared with mad lust at the coat.
---frantic, insane, overmastering desire
---hyperbole

101. "It's just been a casual kick --just a few laughs, that's all."
---(Amr. Slang) an occasional pleasure
---(Amr. Slang) mere diversion or pleasure

102. ---act on a accordance with a request, order etc.
comply –
---act on a accordance with a request, order etc.

103. “The coat bunched high over his ears and dropped all the way down to his shoe tops.”
stand up

104. "Gee, that was a delish dinner,"
---an exclamation of surprise, wonder, etc
--- clipped vulgar form for “ delicious”

105. Can you find any evidence to support the view that the writer is satirizing a bright but self-satisfied young man?

106. This loomed as a project of no small dimensions,
appear, to come into sight without a clear form, esp. in a way that appears very large and unfriendly, causing fear.
eg. This looms as a big question for many new parents.

107. no easy ---very difficult not bad ---very good no small--- great
no small dimension
Understatement
no easy ---very difficult
not bad ---very good
no small--- great
not a few regrets--- many regrets

108. tempt
incline

109. so I had all the facts at my finger tips. "
--- to be completely familiar with
to have available for instant use

110. you would go far to find another so agreeable.
---to accomplish much, achieve much success

111. --- meeting place, especially where lovers meet secretly
“We went to the Knoll, the campus trysting place, and we sat down under an old oak,”
--- meeting place, especially where lovers meet secretly

112. wince
-- to move suddenly as if drawing the body away from sth unpleasant
She winced as she touched the cold body.
She winced (mentally) at his angry words.

113. “Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter.”
----(metonymy)

114. I hid my exasperation.
exasperation
disappointment

115. I was getting nowhere with this girl, absolutely nowhere.
---to make no progress, accomplish nothing

116. chirp
-- make the short sharp sounds of small birds or some insects, say or speak in a way that sounds like this.
She chirped (out) her thanks.

117. “If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object.”
---antithesis

118. “I think we'd better call it a night.
---(col) to stop working for the night,
Eg.
call it a day

119. doom
-- cause to experience or suffer sth unavoidable and unpleasant such as death or destruction
From the start, the plan was doomed to failure (to fail).
We are doomed to unhappiness.
He was doomed to be killed in a car crash.

120. The girl simply had a logic-proof head.
---resistant to, make to give protection against, unaffected by
fire-proof
waterproof watch
a bullet-proof car
a sound-proof room

121. Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. (metaphor)
---a red-hot piece of wood or coal esp, in a fire that is no longer burning with flames.
Polly's mind -- the extinct crater of a volcano
some spark of intelligence--embers

122. Admittedly it was not a prospect fraught with hope,
-- by admission or general agreement, confessedly
--something hoped for or expected, anticipated outcome
--filled, charged, or loaded with

123. Eg. He appealed to his attacker for mercy.
-- to make a strong request for help, support, mercy, beg
Eg. He appealed to his attacker for mercy.

124. lawyers have briefs to guide them during a trial,
---a concise statement of the main points of a law case, usually filed by counsel for the information of the court

125. blue-prints --
a photographic copy of a plan for making a machine or building a house.
eg. The plans for improving the educational system have only reached the blueprint stage so far.

126. "Sounds yummy,"
---(Amr. Col) (echoic of a sound made in expressing pleasure at a taste )very tasty, delectable
delicious--- used chiefly by women, as a generalized term of approval

127. it just knocked me out.
---( Ame. Slang) to elicit enthusiasm or an emotional response, especially deep sympathy or laughter

128. That Walter Pidgeon is so dreamy.
---(Ame slang) excellent, wonderful, delightful, ( a generalized term of approval)

129. There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear.
----(synecdoche)

130. "The next fallacy is called Poisoning the Well.“ (metaphor)
“the personal attack on a person holding some thesis” ---- “ poisoning the well”

131. I watched her closely as she knit her creamy brow in concentration.
knit the brow– to draw the brows together ( as when thinking very hard)
creamy– soft, white color ( of Polly’s complexion)

132. “The first man has poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it.”
---metaphor
the speaker’s personal attack--- poisoning the well

133. He has hamstrung his opponent before he could even start. (metaphor)
the speaker’s personal attack ---disabling a person by cutting one of the tendons at the back of the knee

134. Therefore everybody should exercise.
Dicto Simpliciter
Exercise is good.
Therefore everybody should exercise.
Watching television is a waste of time.

135. Hasty generalization Fact 1: My music course last term was easy.
Fact 2: My roommate’s music course was easy.
Conclusion: Music courses are easy.

136. Post Hoc
Let’s not take Bill on our picnic. Every time we take him out with us, it rains.

137. Contradictory premises
If God can do anything, can he make a stone so heavy that he won’t be able to lift it?

138. Ad Misericordian
False Analogy
Hypothesis contrary to fact
Poisoning the Well

139. – to keep emphasizing or talking about
Over and over again I cited instances pointed out flaws, kept hammering away without let-up.
– to keep emphasizing or talking about

140. It was like digging a tunnel.
---simile
his teaching---the hard work of digging a tunnel

141. “At first everything was work, sweat, and darkness
“At first everything was work, sweat, and darkness. I had no idea when I would reach the light, or even if I would. But I persisted. I pounded and clawed and scraped, and finally I was rewarded. I saw a chink of light. And then the chink got bigger and the sun came pouring in and all was bright.”

142. “She was a fit wife for me, a proper hostess for my many mansions, a suitable mother for my well-heeled children.”
well-heeled : (American slang) rich, prosperous

143. fashion -- v.
to shape or make (sth) into or out of sth. usually with one's hands or with only a few tools
~ a hat out of leaves
~ some leaves into a hat
Pygmalion

144. America , famous psychologists, Robert Rosenthal(罗森塔尔)、Jacobsen（雅各布森）
Robert Rosenthal Effect “罗森塔尔效应”或“期待效应”----
“说你行，你就行，不行也行；说你不行，你就不行，行也不行。”

145. scholastic; educational; of students, teachers
academic
scholastic; educational; of students, teachers

146. Cleared my throat
Winced, went bravely on
gently
cried, clapped her hands delightedly
Urged, batting her lashes eagerly

147. Hid my exasperation
Fought off a wave of despair
Amazed
Asked breathlessly

148. Sharply
Sighed deeply
Frowned, but plunged ahead
Promised contritely
Chirped, blinking her eyes happily
eagerly

149. Quivered with delight Blubbered Enthusiastically Gurgled
Tried to keep from screaming
Said in a carefully controlled tone
Testily
Doggedy, I pressed on
Coldly
A limit to what flesh and blood can bear
Quivered with delight
Blubbered
Enthusiastically
Gurgled

150. Cried exultantly
Heartened
A long, patient review
Blushing with pleasure
Said with an airy wave of her hand

151. amusement
merriment

152. Patting her hand in a tolerant manner,
indulgent

153. The dear child had learned her lessons perhaps too well.
---learned more than enough

154. constellation---a group of fixed stars often having a name
languish--become or be lacking in strength or will

155. --walking in a lazy or clumsy manner, barely lifting the feet
I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk." (hyperbole)
--go about aimlessly
--walking in a lazy or clumsy manner, barely lifting the feet
--having deep-set eyes or dark areas under the eyes, as from sickness, mental suffering or fatigue
--an abandoned wreck or shell ( the hulks of British tanks rusting in the fields)

157. surge --
1) move esp. forward, in or like powerful waves.
The crowd surged past him.
2) (of feeling) to arise powerfully
Anger surged (up) within him.

158. At all costs I had to keep cool.
---regardless of the cost or difficulty involved, by any means required
---to keep calm, not to be get excited

159. used for giving force to an expression, good or bad a ~ fool
darn -- damn (euph) adv.
used for giving force to an expression, good or bad
a ~ fool
He ran darn fast.

160. "Polly," I croaked, "you mustn't take all these things so literally.
---to make a deep, hoarse sound, as that of a frog (showing desperation)

161. playful---
A playful action or remark is light-hearted and friendly rather than serious or hostile.

162. I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull. (simile)
-- roar with a reverberating sound as a bull cry out loudly, as in anger
his angry shouts---the bellowing of a bull

163. I reeled back, overcome with the infamy of it.
step away suddenly and unsteadily, as after a blow or shock
Eg. When she hit him, he reeled back and almost fell.
be overwhelmed
Eg. I was overcome by a sense of failure.
He was overcome with astonishment.

164. used for describing a sneaky, contemptible person.
rat -- metaphor (Am. sl.)
used for describing a sneaky, contemptible person.
A person who deserts or betrays a cause.

165. “Look at me--a brilliant student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Look at Petey--a knothead, a jitterbug, a guy who'll never know where his next meal is coming from.”( antithesis)

166. In what sense is the conclusion ironic?

167. Protagonist: a law school student very young clever
over-conceited -- cool, logical, keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute, astute, powerful, precise, penetrating

168. Antagonists
1. Petey Burch -- pitiful, dump, faddist
2. Polly Espy --- beautiful, gracious, stupid

169. the change of protagonist’s emotions:
1. favoring her with a smile
2. chuckled with amusement
3. chuckled with somewhat less amusement
4. forcing a smile/ ground my teeth
5. croaked, dashed perspiration from my brow
6. bellowing like a bull

170. ---Favoring her with a smile
Said brightly
---chuckled with amusement, tolerant
promptly
---chuckled with somewhat less amusement
---ground my teeth
---Frantically, fought back the tide of panic surging through me, keep cool

171. ---forcing a smile
said with a vigorous nod
---dashed perspiration , croaked
wagging her finger palyfully
---leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull
---reeled back, shrieked

172. the chief attraction
1) the title
2) the author's note
3) the contrast

173. 4) the end of the story
Logic ---a living thing
exchange of a raccoon coat for a pretty but foolish girl
teaching her to be logical and clever
a Pgymalion becomes a Frankenstein

174. Logic is fun, love is not for love’s sake but for fashion’s sake, for wealth’s sake.

175. 5) the clever choice of the names
Petey ---- pity
Espy ---- I spy

176. Language features: 1). American colloquialism 2). Informal style
short sentences
elliptical sentences
dashes
3). rhetorical devices

177. Language features: 4). sharp contrast in the language
Gillis uses ultra learned terms
standard English
Polly uses clipped vulgar forms, slang words
5). inverted sentences

178. acute
astute
calculating
sharp
shrewd

179. passionately
eagerly

180. emotions
feelings
passion
sentiment
affection

181. intelligent
bright
brilliant
clever
smart

182. glum
sullen
sulky

183. argue
debate
discuss
dispute