1. TRENCH WARFARE
Life in the Trenches

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS... Creating the trenches… Dangers in the trenches…
- How they looked
- Inside the trench
- Tools used
Dangers in the trenches…
What the trenches were like… the worst part of trench life etc.
How the soldiers died in the trenches…snipers, hunger etc.
The diseases and problems within the trenches… lice, rats etc.
Days in the trenches…
Time spent in the trenches
Duties in the trenches
Food/ Food supplies

3. How they Looked
Trench formation

5. Trench Construction diagram from 1914 British Army Manual

6. Aerial View of Trench Systems

7. Inside the Trenches Fire-step Duckboards Dugouts/funk holes Latrines

8. Building it Entrenching tool (early spade/shovel) Song -->
“O,O,O it’s a lovely war!
What do we want with eggs and ham?
When we have plum and apple jam
Form fours, right turn
How shall we spend the money we earn?
O,O,O it’s a lovely war!”
The Entrenching tool

9. Weapons of Trench Warfare

10. The Machine Gun The Machine Gun
The Machine Gun (GATLIN GUN) = efficient warfare.
It was a way of keeping the other army in their trench.
Also used in combo with barbed wire to funnel soldiers
Once funneled into a specific area, soldiers could be killed
en masse

11. Barbed Wire
Barbed wire was used to slow down advancing troops. The barbed wire was also used to force soldiers to charge through certain openings in the fence.

12. Artillery
Artillery
A barrage is a term used to describe extensive artillery fire against enemy positions.
A light barrage = 6-7 per 10mins.
A moderate barrage = 30 shells per min.
A heavy barrage = shells per min.

13. Poison Gas! Chlorine & Mustard Gas were used
Chlorine Gas – inhaled to be deadly (at Ypres 1914)
Mustard gas was the more effective weapon (1917)
It was fired into the trenches in shells.
Colorless; almost odorless
Took 12 hours to take effect.
Effects include – blistering skin, vomiting,
sore eyes, internal and external bleeding.
Death can take up to 5 weeks.
More severe than Chlorine Gas due to the need to cover the entire body

14. What the Trenches were Like…
The trenches were filled with water
Constant mud
Duckboards
Latrines
Trench grounds in winter and autumn
Dead bodies
The amount of water and mud in the trenches

15. How the Soldiers Died… Falling off duckboards and into the mud
Soldiers picking up bodies from No Man’s Land
Falling off duckboards and into the mud
Buried alive
Suicide
Enemy snipers
Diseases
Lack of food
Trench walls collapsed
Dead soldiers on the ground

16. TRENCH FOOT!!!!

17. Mrs. Helmer’s “Trench Foot”

18. The Diseases and Problems…
Trench foot
The pyrrexhia or trench fever
Lice
Rats
Dysentery
Soldiers sick from a diseases
Soldiers sick while in their trenches

19. Rat Infestation Millions of rats infested trenches.
The brown rat was especially feared. 
Gorging themselves on human remains (grotesquely disfiguring them by eating their eyes and liver) they could grow to the size of a cat.
A single rat couple could produce up to 900 offspring in a year, spreading infection and contaminating food. 

20. Frogs, lice and worse… Lice caused intense itching
Even when washed, eggs remained everywhere
Lice caused Trench Fever, a particularly painful disease that began suddenly with severe pain followed by high fever. 
 Many men chose to shave their heads entirely to avoid nits.
Frogs by the score were found in shell holes

21. Time spent in the trenches…
Of a 32 Day period: 8 days in a front line trench, 8 days in a reserve trench and 16 days away from the front, in a small town or village nearby.
A British/Canadian soldiers year could be divided as : 15% front line, 10% support line, 30% reserve line, 20% rest, and 25% other. ( hospital, traveling, leave etc.)
Everything could be changed if there’s and offensive attack. Soldiers could spend up to 6 weeks in the front line trenches before they could take a break.
Time in the trenches alternated with long periods of boredom, and short periods of fear.
Soldiers quiet time
Soldiers during there rest period.
Soldiers looking over there trench.

22. Soldiers switching from line to line.
Duties in the Trenches
Soldiers had to replace the barbed wire, repair the flooded trenches, and clean the latrines. These duties were all called “fatigues”
The maintenance and expansion of the barbed wire fences and the trenches was done at dark, when it was harder to be detected.
****The work was done at night … Most of their work was done at night when patrols were sent out to observe and check out on the enemy trenches, and the repair of their own front – line and gather of create/prepare other defenses.
On breaks from fighting in the trenches, the soldiers were assigned different duties such as moving supplies or helping to repair things.
Soldiers switching from line to line.
Soldiers working with there trenches

23. THE END!