1. Warm Up for 12/1/15
You get ____ chromosomes from your mom and ___ chromosomes from your dad to give you a total of ____ chromosomes.
Autosomes include chromosomes 1 through ___ and are ordered ________ to ________.
If a person is a male, he will have ___ sex chromosomes.

2. Mutations Notes
12/1/15

3. Mutations
A change in the DNA of the hereditary material of life

4. Mutations Can be: Good Bad Neutral Adaptation Cancer
Typically go unnoticed

5. Who’s affected?
If a mutation is in a somatic, or body cell, it will only change that person.
Also, skin cancer

6. Who’s affected?
If the mutation is in a gamete, or sex cell, the offspring will have that change also.
Also, family cancer lines
Albinism – mutation within the recessive genes that is passed down

7. Types of Mutations Point or Gene:
Substitution
Insertions
Deletions
Frameshift
Changes the protein more if at the beginning of the sequence.

8. Point Mutations: Substitutions
Mutation that exchanges one base for another — a change in a single “chemical letter”
HFE-related hereditary haemochromatosis is a hereditary disease characterized by excessive intestinal absorption of dietary iron resulting in a pathological increase in total body iron stores.[4] Humans, like most animals, have no means to excrete excess iron.[5] Excess iron accumulates in tissues and organs disrupting their normal function.

9. Point Mutations: Insertions
Mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA

10. Point Mutations: Deletions
Mutations in which a section of DNA is lost—a loss of genetic material

11. Point Mutations: Frameshift
Insertions and deletions can alter a gene so that the reading frame is incorrect and its message is no longer correctly parsed.

12. Types of Mutations: Chromosomal: Deletions Additions Inversions
Translocations
Nondisjunction

13. Chromosomal: Deletion Mutations
When a chromosome breaks and some of the genetic material is lost

14. Chromosomal: Addition Mutations

15. Chromosomal: Inversion
When a broken chromosome segment is reversed and inserted back into the chromosome

16. Chromosomal: Translocations
When a fragment of one chromosome joins to a non-homologous chromosome

17. Chromosomal: Nondisjunction
Failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis - (in anaphase-1 or 2)
It can result in a trisomy or monosomy