1. Olivia Horton Maddie Ginn
Butterflyfish
Olivia Horton
Maddie Ginn

2. Chaetodontidae Characteristics
Order: Perciformes
“hair tooth”
Brightly colored
Eye camouflage
Travel in pairs
Disk-shaped bodies
Spiny dorsal fin
Less than 8 inches
“Indicator species”
Approx 130 different species
-small, brushlike teeth.
mate for life, covered in reproduction
-travel through narrow spaces, can move quickly to avoid predation, also disguised eye with coloration
-Butterflyfish have a deep body that is thin laterally. They have a single dorsal fin, and a small mouth with tiny teeth. In some species, the jaws form a snout.
-butterfly fish are used by scientists to determine health of the reef

3. Hawaiian Butterflyfish
23 Species
Black, yellow, and white
Exception: Thompson’s Butterflyfish
Many local names
Kikakapu, lauhau, lauwilwili
-”strongly prohibited”, in sacred chants. “leav of the hau tree”, “leaf of the wiliwili tree”

4. Kikakapu Threadfin Butterflyfish Saddleback Butterflyfish
Bluestripe Butterflyfish
Lined Butterflyfish
Racoon Butterflyfish
Multiband Butterflyfish
Ornate Butterflyfish
Threadfin and bluestripe butterflyfish

5. Kapuhili Oval Butterflyfish www.gohawaii.about.com
-”Person with many taboos”

6. Lauhau Fourspot Butterflyfish Teardrop Butterflyfish

7. Lauwiliwili Milletseed Butterflyfish Lauwiliwili nukunuku ‘oi ‘oi
Common longnose Butterflyfish
Big longnose Butterflyfish
-Longnose varietie sliterally means “sharp beak”

8. Others Blacklip Butterflyfish Reticulated Butterflyfish
Tinker’s Butterflyfish
Chevron Butterflyfish
Pyramid Butterflyfish
Thompson’s Butterflyfish
Pennant Butterflyfish

9. Movement Tail fin Pectoral fins Quick movements rudder
speed/forward motion
Quick movements
“flitting, darting motion”
Escape predation
Qv0
-Many species will actually turn and face a predator before darting away. It is thought that this, combined with the bright coloration, is served as a warning signal to potential predators who have wasted energy attempting to catch a butterflyfish before.

10. Habitat Depends on feeding habits Long-term territories Shallow waters
Most dwell on reef
Active during the day
-coraliivores live among coral polyps, very territorial
-generalists, closer to bottom
-Remain in a certain area for 8-10 years, non-migratory
-others found at greater depths, not common to hawaii
-planktivores
-spawn at dusk

11. Solitary vs. Schooling
- Solitary - Often Territorial - Some species school together.
Tend to be more solitary animals. The range for their length is about 12-22cm. Thee bigger species tend to be more solitary and the smaller ones form schools. Though, sometimes you even see smaller ones as solitary. The reason they are often territorial is to defend a food source.

12. Reproductive Biology Mating system Palagic Spawners Fixed Sex
Mainly Monogamous
Some Polygamy
Palagic Spawners
Buoyant eggs.
Fixed Sex
Sexual Dimorphism
Most species of butterflyfish are monogamous, which goes along with them being solitary. They also tend to mate for life, or at least for several years. Swim together more during reproductive than non-reproductive seasons (to increase reproductive success of the pair). They are palagic spawners, which like we’ve learned about, the males and females release eggs into the water and the eggs join the plankton and algae column. Probably why some species so spread out across oceans. Eggs very buoyant. This makes sense as most butterflyfish live in shallow waters, though they can be found as deep as 180 ft.

13. Diet and Feeding Specializations
Diets
Corallivores
Planktivores
Generalists
Feeding Specializations
Mouths
Diurnal
Mouths are long and tubular that can get food from hard to reach places. The ones that feed on corals and hard substances or hard shelled animals, have more ferric iron in their teeth, most likely to stop them from cracking while eating.

14. Defensive Morphology and Behavior
Bony Plates.
Intraspecific aggression.
Fish of Prey
Pair bright colors with dark spots.
Hide in coral crevices.
Schooling
When they are born (after larval stage) they have bony plates extending from their heads which eventually fall away as they mature. This is seen in only one other type of fish.
One study looked at the tail up behavior in Chaetodon lunulatus. Theu found that when they put a dummy in another fishes territory in that position, the fish would mimic it. It suggests that doing this, is meant to elllicit a response from another fish. They would both swim at top speed toward dummy, them circle around it, showing their lateral sides.
Butterflyfish are eaten by animals such as sharks, snappers, and some species of eel (the ones that are big enough to eat them). To keep themselves safe from predators, many will pair their bright colors with dark spots. This includes having a dark stripe across their eye to hide it and having a dark spot somewhere on the back of them so it is easier for them to get away. They also, especially at night will hide in the crevices of coral. Their bright colors will even fade at night so they blend in more with the coral.
Schooling could also be said to be used as a defense.
Brilliant colors will fade at night to blend in with coral.
Those butterflyfish that do school, may use this as a defense (makes it hard for the predator to pinpoint just one fish) especially with their confusing color array.

15. A Study of Monogamy in Chaetodon trichrous
The Tahitian Butterflyfish.
Know they mate in pairs. Why?
Hypotheses?
observed:
Feeding preferences
territorial behavior
Proximity to conspecifics
sex of pairs.
Hypotheses 1). Distribution of limited resources 2). Joint defense of a territory 3). Low density 4). Predator detection 5). Benefits of cooperative behavior
As said before, not all butterflyfish are monogamous, and it is mostly corrallivores that are. This is because coral is a lower quality food substance, so have to eat more to stay healthy. C. trichrous feeds on plankton and other substrates.
Conspecifics= members of the same species.
Generalists=A generalist species is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.

16. Methods Preliminary Observations: -Swam transects.
- Found food most preferred.
Behavioral Observations:
How fish behave as a pair
-How much/type of food pairs ate.
Distance to nearest conspecifics.
Sexed fish by gonad analysis.
Where along islands near French Polynesia.
Transects:5 m wide and 100m long- to find distribution in total swam 120 transects.
Defined food they appeared to eat most: Hard Substrate=any hard bottom or rubble other than live hard coral, Soft Substrate=silty or sandy bottoms, Hard Corals

17. Results Ate hard substrate. Found heterosexual pairs.
Pairs remained close.
Females ate more.
Showed territorial behaviors.
Male bigger than females (though pairs tended to assort by size).
Pairs within 300cm of eachother about 95% of time during observable period.
Though both foraged for plankton at about same rate
Both members of pair would take part in chasing other fish out of their territory.

18. Discussion Hard substrate was not a limiting resource.
Did limit males though.
Significantly distributed by size.
Mate ability not low.
Conclusion: size and joint defense of territory.
Size distribution suggests settle near bay shores and migrate out as they mature.
Both sexes socially monogamous with other pairs.
Conclusion: Main reason C. trichrous are monogamous because males want largest female mate (one with most fecundity), and bigger males give some extra benefits to female in breeding and such. They also, were both better able to jointly defend their territory this way. Though food resources weren’t limiting, it was still better for males to defend one female and one area for her to feed on then try to defend multiple females to mate with.

19. “The laterophysic connection in chaetodontid butterflyfish: morphological variation and speculations on sensory function”

20. Introduction Swim bladders Buoyancy Horned Otophysic connection
Contact with skull/inner ear
related to sensitivity to pressure stimuli
Laterophysic connection
Contact with lateral
Possibly sensitive to flow stimuli
Direct and Indirect connection
Two questions
Morphology variation within species?
Patterns in variation?
-longer horns result in better contact, which results in greater sensitivity to pressure stimuli

21. Materials/Methods Eight species, 27 specimens
Specimens from Oahu, Hawaii
Different ecological backgrounds
Anesthetized, fixed, radiographed
Bisected, decalcified
Tissue trimmed, dehydrated, and stained.
Measurements/observations recorded
-males and females of some species
-live fishes in MS222 until responsive, fixed with 10% formalin in sea water, radiographed a few days after to view swim bladder insitu
-at pectoral fin base, head trimmed, decalcified in CalEx solution until decalcification was confirmed radiographically.
-Tissue trimmed transversely at 5 micrometers and mounted on glass. Stained in 5% cresyl.

22. Results Medial fossa in supracleithrum
1 direct connection, 3 indirect connection
Oval neuromast
No intraspecific variation or sexual dimorphism
Interspecific variation
5 indirect connections
2 direct connections
1 species without connection
Swim bladder variations
-Medial fossa found in supracleithrum in all individuals, indentation, possible sensory function
-Measured 500 nanometers in 1 species with a direct connection and 3 with an indirect connection
-neuromast=sensing organ in lateral line
-no variation within a species, even sexually
-Variation present between species, which will be demonstrated in the next couple slides
-Indirect: swim bladder horns extend but do not make contact with the fossa. Muscle, nerve, or kidney tissue prevent contact.
-Direct connection: horns make direct connection with medial fossa.
-no collection: short stubby horns, kidney fills space
-All species showed divided swim bladder with a diaphram present at the division
-Direct connection: thicker, and extends into the peritoneal cavity

23. Laterophysic Connection
a.) Lateral view radiograph
b.) Red dot is connection, where grey shaded area is swim bladder

24. Laterophysic Connection
-sc is supracleithrum- bone on pectoral girdle
-ot is otic capsule
-1l is the first lateral line
-pink= mucoid connective tissue, green=muscle, purple=kidney, blue=sensory organs
a.) indirect connection
b.) indirect connection with mucoid tissue
c.) direct connection
d.) direction connection with short horns

25. Discussion/Conclusion
Lack of intraspecific differentiation
Good species indicator
No feeding ecology
Phylogenetic pattern
Similar to otic pressure system
Variation important to function
-Planktivores and omnivores had indirect connection, while corallivores had both. Results inclusive to correlate difference to feeding habits.
-Indirect connection with long horns found in three subgenera of Chaetodontidae, with three species in a single genus, indirect connection with short horns in one subgenus, and direct connection found in another subgenus, with two species in that subgenus. May be a defining characteristic between subgenera within the family
-Presence of horns in all species suggest that both direct and indirect (except for short horns) connections affect pressure sensitivity of lateral line. In the indirect connection, pressure is applied through the thin soft tissue layers that separate the swim bladder from the medial fossa.
-Tissue in fossa acts like a tympani and transmits sensations to neuromasts of lateral line.
-Variation in the morphology of the swim bladder that correlates to the type of connection signifies that the swim bladder is important to the sensory capabilities of the lateral line system.

26. Works Cited
Altonn, Helen. "Studies of Kahoolawe Reefs Focus on Butterflyfish." Honolulu Star - Bulletin: n/a. Oct ProQuest. Web. 26 Mar. 2013
Butterflyfish. (2013). Retrieved from Encyclopedia Britannica:
Hoover, J. P. (2009). The Ultimate Guide to Hawaiian Reef Fishes Sea Turtles, Dolphins, Whales, and Seals. Honolulu, Hawaii: Mutual Publishing, LLC.
Jacqueline F. Webb, W. L. (2000). The Laterophysic Connection in Chaetodontid Butterflyfish: Morphologic Variation and Speculation on Sensory Function. Philosophical Transections: Biological Sciences , 335 (1401),
Motta, Phillip. "Social Groupings in 18 Species of Butterflyfish and Pair Bond Weakening during the Nonreproductive Season." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65 (1987): Web.
Randall, John E. Shore Fishes of Hawai'i. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Print.
Reavis, Robert H., and Joshua M. Copus. "Monogamy in a Feeding Generalist, Chaetodon Trichrous, the Endemic Tahitian Butterflyfish." Environmental Biology of Fishes (2011): ProQuest. Web. 26 Mar
Yabuta, Shinji. "Social Groupings in 18 Species of Butterflyfish and Pair Bond Weakening during the Nonreproductive Season." Ichthyological Research (2007): ProQuest. Web. 26 Mar
Yabuta, Shinji. "Signal Function of Tail-Up Posture in the Monogamous Butterflyfish (Chaetodon Lunulatus): Dummy Experiments in the Field." Ichthyological Research 55.3 (2008): ProQuest. Web. 26 Mar