1. Ketchup was once sold as a medicine.
“For to be free is not merely to cast off one's chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others.” - Nelson Mandela
Ketchup was once sold as a medicine.

4. Revolution and Intervention
Main Idea
In reaction to economic and social conditions in Latin America after World War II, many Central American countries experienced revolutions that involved intervention by the United States.

5. Trends in Latin America
After World War II many countries in Latin America struggled to address problems of poverty and inequality.
Roots of poverty, inequality result of history of colonialism
Most land, wealth in hands of elite
Economies based on agricultural exports
To decrease dependence on foreign countries - industrialization policy adopted
However, still dependent on foreign investment, tech, military aid.
Economic Trends
Rural land use remained a major issue
Large gap between rich, poor major social issue
Liberation Theology promoted by priests
Unable to make living in rural areas, people flocked to region’s cities - movement caused rapid urbanization – life still difficult
Results

6. The Cuban Revolution
In Cuba, social and economic trends led to a revolution. There, social inequality and heavy U.S. influence led to a revolt that brought communism to this large Caribbean island.
1950s, Cuba very dependent on U.S. - economy
Cuba one of richest Latin America countries
Most Cubans could not earn living
Reasons for Revolt
Business interests encouraged U.S. government support of corrupt dictators
Anticommunist Fulgencio Batista took power in 1952 military coup
Batista’s coup stirred discontent, nationalism among poor
U.S. Support
Revolutionaries under Castro
Led unsuccessful attack, 1953; guerrilla war became full-scale revolution, 1955
Batista fled 1959; Castro took control
Castro

7. Goals of the Revolution
The Cuban Revolution
Remove Batista
Middle-class Cubans supported moderate democratic reforms
Many Castro revolutionaries, including Che Guevara, wanted Marxist regime
Castro focused on ending U.S. dominance, redistributing wealth, reforming society
Goals of the Revolution
Energies went to restructuring economy, society, government, foreign policy
1961, program virtually eliminated illiteracy in one year
Created medical care system, raised life expectancy
Limited size of landholdings
Nationalized private property, businesses
Took full control of government – led Cuba on path to communism
Castro’s Programs

10. The Cuban Revolution U.S. Involvement Organization of American States
Cuba’s move toward communism troubled U.S. leaders
Viewed Latin America as part of U.S. sphere of influence
Wanted to keep communism out of region
Organization of American States
Set up shortly after World War II to promote economic, military cooperation
1961, U.S.-trained invasion force of Cuban exiles landed at Bay of Pigs
Mission to spark nationwide uprising against Castro; mission failed
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962, CIA learned Soviet Union building nuclear missile site in Cuba
President John Kennedy ordered naval blockage to keep Soviet ships out
World came close to nuclear war before compromise, missiles removed

12. Results of the Revolution Economic Effects of Revolution
The Cuban Revolution
Mixed results since Cold War; good access to health care, education
People’s civil liberties restricted under one-party system
Government jails opponents, spies on citizens
Results of the Revolution
Mixed results as well; economy suffered from U.S. embargo
Castro’s policies led many Cubans to leave country, many for U.S.; caused economy to struggle
Castro relied on Soviet Union for economic support; Soviet collapse in 1991 hurt economy
Economic Effects of Revolution

13. Other Conflicts Causes Guatemala U.S. Concerns CIA Intervention
Economic conditions not only cause of revolutions
Political corruption, repression
U.S. support for corrupt governments stirred nationalism
Guatemala
1952, Guatemalan president Arbenz used land reform to redistribute land to peasants
Policy hurt American-owned United Fruit Company
U.S. Concerns
Pressure from United Fruit Company, concerns over Arbenz’ s leftist leanings
U.S. decided to remove from power
CIA Intervention
Intervened in coup that toppled Arbenz, replaced him
Start of repressive dictatorship
Civil war raged from 1970s until peace accord of 1996

15. The Rise of Dictatorships
Main Idea
Spiraling economic and social problems and political turmoil in Latin America led military leaders to seize power and install repressive regimes.

16. Argentina
After World War II, Argentina and other Latin American countries saw a rise in dictatorships. Social and economic conditions allowed them to take tremendous power at the expense of people’s freedoms.
Juan Peron rose to power following military coup, 1943
Proved to be populist, supporter of rights of common people
Created minimum wage, eight-hour workday, paid vacations
Built schools, hospitals, shelters
Peronism
Tried, failed to boost industrialization, farming
Became dictator
Peron’s downfall, 1955, followed by decades of economic, political turmoil
Radical Changes
1976 to 1983, government carried out “dirty war” against suspected dissidents – critics of the government
10,000 to 30,000 victims vanished during this time
Dirty War

18. Brazil
Followed path similar to Argentina’s, though more stable for a time
Juscelino Kubitschek elected president in free election, 1954
Promised “fifty years of progress in five”
Foreign investment flowed in, helped him achieve goal
Brasília
Results of economic progress seen in capital city, Brasília
Built in three years, cost $2 billion
Symbol of pride, modernity, but bankrupted Brazil’s economy
Military rulers seized control, 1964

21. Brazil Under Military Rule Rapid Growth Achieved at Cost
Military rulers achieved success, creating “Brazilian miracle” of 1968 to 1973
Industrial exports, farming, mining grew
Economy grew faster during this time than any other in the world
Rapid Growth Achieved at Cost
To achieve rapid growth, military dictatorship froze wages
Living standards declined sharply
People who complained about government risked government death squads
Opposition Grew to Military
As opposition grew, economy spiraled into debt, hyperinflation
Extremely high level of inflation; economy growing too rapidly, too quickly
1990 inflation rate more than 2,500 percent

22. Panama Panama Canal U.S. Action
During the 1980s, Panama was controlled by Manuel Noriega. Noriega brutally crushed enemies and used the country as a base for drug smuggling.
U.S. controlled since construction
Scheduled to be handed over to Panama, 1999
Important to worldwide shipping
Noriega’s misrule threat to worldwide economic interests
Panama Canal
U.S. sent troops to arrest Noriega, 1989
Noriega arrested, imprisoned in Florida for drug trafficking
Democratic elections, 1994
Canal transferred smoothly, 1999
U.S. Action

24. Democratic and Economic Reforms
Main Idea
In the 1980s, repressive regimes in Latin America fell, and more moderate elected leaders brought some measure of political and economic progress.

25. Failures of Dictatorships
Return of Democracy
After decades, dictatorships across Latin America started falling in the 1980s and 1990s. Moderate civilian politicians put an end to military rule, and began a series of political and economic reforms.
Many failed to achieve social, economic reforms
Poverty, malnutrition, infant mortality remained high
Failures of Dictatorships
Landless poor streamed into cities, searched for work
“Brazilian miracle” miracle for military, landowners, wealthy business people only
Peasants
Dictatorships did not bring stability
Death squads, civil rights repressed, mysterious disappearances, torture, killings
People began to demand change
No Security

26. A Peaceful Transition Voting Rights
Despite history of violence, return of democracy fairly peaceful
Combination of internal, external forces applied pressure for reform
International lenders demanded changes in way countries governed as a condition for receiving loans
Voting Rights
Pro-democracy groups called for countries to restore voting rights, allow political opposition
Military leaders relaxed restrictions, integrated limited freedoms
Given a chance to vote, people did
Voted out military, voted in new civilian governments

27. Return of Democracy New civilian governments
Democracy returned in Brazil, early 1970s
Argentina returned to democracy after Falklands War, 1982
Central American countries
Returned to relative calm 1980s, 1990s
Elected moderate governments like that of Violeta Chamorro in Nicaragua
Nicaraguan Contras – 1979 – 1990 – supported by U.S.
War on Drugs – launched by Nixon in 1971, continues today
Struggle with economy continues