2. What you will Learn What is a Confined Space
Hazards of Confined Spaces
Basic Entry Requirements

3. General Requirements nature of the hazards
All employees required to enter confined or enclosed spaces must be instructed in:
nature of the hazards
necessary precautions to be taken
use of protective and emergency equipment

4. What is a Confined Space?
Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work
Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that may have limited means of entry.)
Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.

5. What is a Permit Required Confined Space?
A Permit-required confined space is confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics:

6. Permit Required Spaces
Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere
Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant

7. Permit Required Spaces
Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section
Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard

8. Typical Confined Spaces
Boilers & Furnaces
Pipelines
Pits
Process Vessel
Silo & Storage Tanks
Sewer & Manholes
Trenches & Excavations

9. Hazards of Confined Spaces
Atmospheric
Physical Configuration
Mechanical
Electrical
Thermal
Noise
Vibration
Engulfment or Entrapment

10. Controlling Confined Space Hazards
Each Confined Space has different hazards.  Hazards can also change with time and usage.
Post signs to warn of the dangers.
Use barriers to prevent uncontrolled access
Develop and use a written space entry program.

11. Controlling Confined Space Hazards
Conduct air monitoring and tests to identify and evaluate hazards.
Define acceptable entry conditions.
Monitor entry conditions
Eliminate or control the space's atmospheric hazards before entry
Lockout all internal hazards prior to entry

12. Entry Point Hazards Small Openings make entry and rescue difficult
Sharp edges can tear protective clothing or air lines
Temporary ladders and vent gear can make even large openings difficult to transit
Vertical entry points are fall hazards

13. Ventilation Needed Deadly gases can be trapped inside
Rotting Organic materials create hazardous gases
Pipe leaks, welding, system material can create hazardous atmospheres.
Rust consumes the oxygen you need.

14. Atmospheric Hazards Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres
Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
Flammable Atmospheres
Toxic Atmospheres
Corrosive Atmospheres
Asphyxiating Atmospheres  

15. Oxygen Deficient
19.5 % is the minimum acceptable oxygen level for work with out an air supplied respirator.
12-14% - Poor judgment.
10-12% - Lips blue Mental Confusion
8-10% - Fainting & Nausea
6-8% - Causes Death

16. Asphyxiating Atmospheres
Reduction of oxygen in a confined space may be the result of either consumption or displacement. Consumption of oxygen takes place during
Combustion of flammable substances
Bacterial action, as in the fermentation process
Chemical reactions as in the formation of rust  

17. Hair, clothing, oil soaked materials
Oxygen Enriched
Oxygen level above 21%.
Causes flammable and combustible materials to burn violently when ignited. Such as:
Hair, clothing, oil soaked materials
Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.
Never store or place compressed gas tanks in a confined space.

18. Flammable Atmospheres
Required Factors:
Oxygen
Flammable Gas, Vapor or Dust
Ignition Source
Welding
Electric Tools
Sparks
Smoking

19. Flammable Atmospheres
Caused by…
enriched oxygen atmospheres
vaporization of flammable liquids
byproducts of work
chemical reactions
concentrations of combustible dusts
fumes from chemicals on inner surfaces

20. Toxic Atmospheres Material in space Work being performed
Absorbed materials can “gas off”.
Decomposition of materials
Work being performed
Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.
Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.
Sealing, bonding, melting.
Cleaning, descaling

21. Corrosive Atmospheres
Corrosive atmospheres can be not only a respiratory problems but also cause skin exposure reactions and damage to your nervous system though skin absorption or breathing.
Examples of Corrosives 
Bleach
Ammonia
Acids

22. Physical Configuration Hazards
The use and shape of a space can create hazardous conditions
Use of Ladders & Scaffolding
Wet or slippery surfaces
Uneven bottoms
Bends in tunnels
Narrow areas that can entrap workers
Poor lighting
Use retrieval & fall protection when possible

23. Mechanical Hazards
Some confined spaces have unguarded mechanical equipment such as:
Paddles
Blades
Shafts
Chain or belt drives
All equipment must be Locked and Tagged before entry

24. Electrical Hazards
Electric Shock is a possible hazard in Confined Spaces
Hazard Sources include:
Broken lighting
Electrical sensing devices
Limit switches
Level indicating devices
Hazards from equipment taken inside

25. Wearing Protective clothing can increase the heat stress on a worker
Temperature Hazards
High and Low Temperatures are Hazards
Burns
Frosbite
Heat Stress
Wearing Protective clothing can increase the heat stress on a worker

26. Worker Comfort Factors affecting worker comfort: Air temperature
Air velocity though the space
Humidity
Radiant heat
Protective Clothing
Activities 

27. Engulfment Hazards
Engulfment is the entrapment of a person by the contents of a space
Liquids
Small granular product such as grain
Crusting or Bridging of material
Flooding
Water Flow

28. Engulfment Hazards Completely empty the contents before entry
Use retrieval and fall arrest equipment to prevent sinking into contents of a space.

29. Noise Hazards Noise creates a hazard by Causing hearing loss
Preventing communication
Lowering worker's effectiveness
Eliminate noise sources prior to entry
Use proper hearing protection

30. Surface Hazards Slippery, Wet or Damp Surfaces Slips & Falls
Chemical Exposure
Possible increased chance of electric shock
Uneven surfaces

31. Vibration Hazards Vibration of the body can cause damage to the body
Using Vibrating tools can cause damage to fingers & hand
Eliminate equipment vibrations prior to entry
Use Vibration dampening tools & gloves

32. Basic Confined Space Entry Procedure
All entrants, supervisors and entry attendants must be fully qualified
1. Conduct Pre-Entry Briefing
2. Assemble and check equipment
3. Establish Acceptable Entry Conditions
4. Conduct initial air sampling
5. Execute & Complete Entry Permit
6. Station Entry Attendant

33. Entry (continued) 7. Establish Monitoring of Atmosphere
8. Establish Communication
9. Execute Hot Work Permit if applicable
10.Post Confined Space Entry Permit
11. Enter Space
12. Post–entry debrief if problems were encountered

34. Testing The Atmosphere
Verify presence of safe work atmosphere.
Calibrate Air Monitoring Equipment before use
Test all areas of a confined space
Top, Middle, Bottom
Check for Explosive & Toxic Gases
Check Oxygen level
Record all readings

35. Ventilation Consider best of exhaust or supply or both
Provide workzone exhaust if welding
Plan ventilation supply and exhaust paths
Ensure no “re-circulation” of air supply
Use continuous ventilation
Retest the confined space before and during entry

36. LOCKOUT! Lock & tagging ALL electrical sources.
Blank & bleeding fluid lines
Disconnect mechanical drives &shafts.
Secure mechanical parts
Lock & Tag all valves

37. Rescue Team
A qualified rescue team and rescue equipment must be available for entry into all Permit Required Confined Spaces
Qualified Entry Attendant must be in constant communication with workers in the space
Entry Attendant must have source of communication with the Rescue Team

38. Summary
All persons involved in Permit Required Confined Space Entry must be qualified:
Supervisor
Attendants
Entrants
Rescue Team
Confined Spaces are Dangerous Places – Know how to control or eliminate hazards