1. Synthetic theory of evolution
Synthetic theory of evolution. Peculiarities of action of evolutionary factors in human populations.

2. Plan of lecture Darwin theory of evolution
Synthetic theory of evolution
Agents of evolutionary change: mutation, isolation, genetic drift (random fluctuation in allele frequencies over time), gene flow, natural selection.
Macroevolution. Microevolution .
4. Human population structure.
5. The evolution of human beings.

3. EVOLUTION...
progressive changes in organisms that persist over time        helps explain the great diversity, wide geographical         distribution, adaptations and origins of organisms 

4. EVOLUTION...
micro-evolution- changes in allele frequency within a species
macro-evolution- new species, new forms replacing old as revealed in the fossil record

5. Darwinian (classical) Evolution Theory (24 Nov 1859)
is based upon theory of Natural Selection   
Origin of Species
       only small fraction of progeny of a generation survive
survivors have traits (alleles) promote their survival depends on all genes acting together

6. Darwinian Natural Selection
is defined as :        is a change in allele frequency        from generation to generation,         as influenced by environment         that promotes progeny survival.     "Survival of Fittest "

7. Contrast of World Views
Pre-Darwinian View
Post-Darwinian View
Earth is relatively young-age is measured in thousands of years
Earth is relatively old – age is measured in billions of years
Each species is specially created; species don’t change, and the number of species remains the same.
Species are related by descent – it is possible to piece together a history of life on earth. Adaptation to the environment is the interplay of random genetic variations and environmental conditions.

8. Synthetic (modern) Evolution Theory
Synthetic (modern) Evolution Theory...              Darwinian evolution mixed with modern genetic theory
Mutations are the raw material for evolutionary change
Population - elementary unit of evolution (Population – any group of individuals, usually of a single species, occupying a particular area at the same time
The elementary factors of evolution that changes genetic structure of a population are: mutation, isolation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection.   

9. EVOLUTION
  Change in gene pool leads to       better fitness which leads to            adaptation which leads to                      reproductive success        Evolution - better adapted genes leaving more progeny

10. population genetics Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
1908 G.H.Hardy, English mathematician & G.Weinberg, German physician     Law of Genetic Equilibrium describes the gene pool (i.e., all the alleles present) mathematically defines the ideal case of a NON-evolving populations

11. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
for an ideal case...  a number of criteria must be met... 
must be an infinitely large populations (large sample sizes)   should exhibit random mating    absence of forces which can change allele frequencies          -no migration (in/out)         -no mutation        - no selection        -each allele is equally viable (no lethals)

12. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
HW law states -->   original percentage of a genotypes alleles remains constant
HW can be defined algebraically, by the binomial expansion            any gene with 2 allelic forms....             A  and  a                  let frequency of one allele           (A)    =     p                      & frequency of other allele       (a)    =     q          then by definition,      p + q   =   1             HW equation...        (p + q)2   =   p2   +   2pq   +   q2   =  1                                                          GG       Gg     gg

13. Agents of evolution.
  But..... Allele frequencies do change over time via.... Mutation... 1/10,000, random, non-directional Gene Flow... migration of breeders... in/out Genetic Drift... random loss of alleles  - due to failed matings in very small populations, it's a statistical anomaly     can lead to fixation or deletion of alleles       

14. Mutation the row material for evolutionary change.
a permanent change in a gene, such as an alteration of its nucleotide sequence.
Mutations provide new alleles, and therefore they underlie all the other mechanisms that provide variation.
In a changing environment, however, even a seemingly harmful mutation can be a source of variation that can help a population become adapted to a new environment.

15. Gene flow (gene migration )
is the movement of alleles between populations by (the migration of breeding individuals)
Gene flow can increase the variation within a population by introducing novel alleles that were produced by mutation in some other population.
Continued gene flow between populations makes their gene pools similar and reduces the possibility of allele frequency differences between populations that might be due to natural selection and genetic drift.

16. Nonrandom mating and Assortative mating
Nonrandom mating occurs when individuals pair up by chance and not according to their genotypes or phenotypes.
In human population, inbreeding increases the frequency of recessive abnormalities.
Assortative mating occurs when individuals tend to mate with those that have the same phenotype with respect to some characteristic (in humans tall women seem to prefer to mate with tall men).

17. Genetic drift is a random fluctuation in allele frequencies over time.
Genetic drift occurs in both large and small populations, a larger population is expected to suffer less of a sampling error than a smaller population.
When population is small, there is greater chance that some rare genotype might not participate at all in the production of the next generation.

18. Genetic drift

19. The founder effect
is an example of genetic drift in which rare alleles, or combinations of alleles, occur at a higher frequency in a population isolated from the general population.
After all, founding individuals contain only a fraction of the total genetic diversity of the original gene pool. Which particular alleles are carried by the founders is dictated by chance alone.

20. Founder's Principle... little dispersal - new allele predominates - small human tribes

21. Bottleneck Effect
Sometimes a population is subjected to near extinction because of a natural disaster (earthquake or fire) or because of slaughter by humans.

22. Bottleneck Effect... natural disasters leave  survivors  which are not representative of whole population  

23. Natural selection
causes the allele frequencies of a gene pool to change (total variety of genes and alleles present in a sexually reproducing population, in any given population the composition of the gene pool may constantly changes from generation to generation, and when it does the members of a population become more adapted to their environment.)
Dead Leaf (Kallima paralekta)

24. Natural selection- acts on individuals of populations
Types of Selection               STABILIZING - limits extremes of population  one optimum phenotype - ex: human birth weight        DIRECTIONAL- one best phenotype, not the mean  gradual replacement one by another        DIVERSIFYING (disruptive)- increases the fitness of extremes   no optimum phenotype (2 or more) - patchy environments  ex: sexual dimorphism 

25. Types of Selection  

26. Selection...
better fit individuals are better reproducers            Artificial - animal husbandry selects best -  mustards-                 

27. Natural selection
In the context of population genetics evolution by natural selection requires the following steps:
Variation. The members of population differ from one another.
Inheritance. Many of these differences are inheritable, genetic differences.
Differential reproduction. Because of these differences, some phenotypes are more fit and reproduce to a greater extent than the other members.
Accumulation of adaptive traits. With each generation, alleles contributing to reproductive success increase in frequency.

28. Microevolution
– a change of gene frequency in a population which can finish formation of new species.
Species – a group of organisms constituting a single gene pool;
its members can breed with each other but not with organisms of another species (species are reproductively isolated from one another).

29. Some Evolutionary barriers to forming hybrids which can
lead to REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION

30. Macroevolution –
Macroevolution – is the study of evolutionary change above the species level – genus, family, order, class, and phylum.

31. was the beginning of
in the theory of evolution today, science offers the following facts
20 billion years ago, there was a single explosion of matter / Big bang (explosion initiale) /, by which galaxies and planets are born ..
4.5 billion years ago, was born on planet Earth.
3.8 billion years ago was born the first cell
245 million years ago dinosaurs were first
60 million years ago, all the dinosaurs disappeared, one of the most popular version of the asteroid theory, which if dropped on the ground created a cloud from the explosion, changing for some time not only pressure but also the climate of the planet.
38 million years ago, ending the cold period, there are prairies, savannas, and forests 37.5 million years ago there were monkeys.

32. (B) Australopithecus africanus, C) Australopithecus africanus,
(A) Pan troglodytes, chimpanzee, modern
(B) Australopithecus africanus,
C) Australopithecus africanus,
(D) Homo habilis,
(E) Homo habilis,
(F) Homo rudolfensis,
(G) Homo erectus, Dmanisi cranium (H) Homo ergaster
(I) Homo heidelbergensis, "Rhodesia man,"
(J) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis,
(K) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis,
(L) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis,
(M) Homo sapiens sapiens, Cro-Magnon
(N) Homo sapiens sapiens, modern

33. Main stages evolution of Human beings
The Early Hominids.
Archaic Humans
Modern human
Diversification though speciation
Diversification though behavioral changes
Diversification though
cultural changes

34. evolution of Human beings

35. Homo sapiens survived as a result of erect bipedal posture,
increased manual dexterity,
feet suited for walking and running,
and better developed creative brains.

36. Human and chimpanzee?!!
Human karyotype have 23, а — chimpanzee karyotype -24 chromosomal pars :
second human chromosome — it is two separate chimpanzee chromosomes;
13 chromosome pairs identical;
9 pairs differ by the centromere localization
( perycentromere parts are inverted)
99 % genes similarity of human and chimpanzee

37. Human and chimpanzee? ! !

38. The main result biological evolution – speciation in human society is not realized, but influence of main evolution factors leads to genetical variety, occur on intraspecific intrapopulation level by the microevolution processes.

39. Example: Sickle-Cell disease
Polymorphism
Ecologycal (adaptational) genetical polymorphism – selection individuals that genetically better adapted to the environment
Balanced (heterozygous) genetical polymorphism) –promote reservation recessive alleles by superdominance.
Example: Sickle-Cell disease

40. Medical importance of Genetical and Chromosomal polymorphism
Chromosomal polymorphism have not regular nature, because it can leads to primary genetical isolation by failure of conjugation and crossing over.
Genetical polymorphism provide genetical originality of individual and human populations.
Medical importance of Genetical and Chromosomal polymorphism

41. Adaptive human types
That factors maintenance individual morphological diversity and interspecies division mankind into adaptive human types, constitutive groups and races.

42. Humans often categorize themselves in terms of race or ethnicity.
Genetic studies have demonstrated that humans on the African continent are most genetically diverse (Y-chromosome and MtDNA and lineages).
The majority of genetic variation occurs within "racial groups", with only 5 to 15% of total variation occurring between racial groups.

43. Races
Human racial categories are based on both ancestry and visible traits, especially skin color and facial features.
It has been also claimed that "the greatest genetic structure that exists in the human population occurs at the racial level"

44. Large races Small races Small races Small races Ethnic groups
(nations, nationality)
Ethnic groups
(nations, nationality)
Ethnic groups
(nations, nationality)
Ethnic groups
(nations, nationality)
Ethnic groups
(nations, nationality)

45. Thank you for attention !