1. Brainstem and diencephalon,
III. and IV. ventricle
Dr. Csáki Ágnes
Humánmorfológiai és Feljődésbiológiai Intézet
2014

2. Embriological division of the brain(encephalon)
Prosencephalon (yellow+red)
Telencephalon paires (I.,II. ventricles),
t. unpair
diencephalon (III. ventricle)
Mesencephalon (green)
aqueductus cerebri
Rhombencephalon (blue)
(IV.ventricle)
metencephalon - pons and cerebellum
myelencephalon – medulla oblongata

3. Functional division Cerebrum hemispherium diencephalon
Truncus cerebri - brainstem
mesencephalon
pons
medulla oblongata
Cerebellum

4. Inferior view
BASIS CEREBRI
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medula oblongata

5. Basal surface, cranial nerves
Pedunculus cerebri
Cerebral peduncle
Inrterpeduncular fossa
N. III.
Basis pontis
N.V.
Bulbopontine sulcus
N. VI, VII, VIII,
Median fissura
Pyramid
Decussation of pyramids
Olive
Medial paraolivar sulcus
Fila radicularia nervi N. XII,
Lateral paraolivar sulcus :
N. IX, X, XI,
MESENCE-PHALON
PONS
Pedunculus cerebellaris medius
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Oliva inferior
Pyramis
Decussatio pyramidum

7. dorsal surface of the brainstem with the cerebellar peduncles
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Pons
Rhomboid fossa
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Medulla oblongata G

8. MESENCEPHALON
Tectum or quadrigeminal plate:
Superior Colliculus
Inferior Colliculus
Brachium colliculi superior and inferior
Superior cerebellar peduncles from
the mesencephalon: between them
Superior medullary velum – roof of the IV ventricule
n. IV. !!
PONS
Middle cerebellar peduncle from the pons
Rhomboid fossa
BULB
Dorsal median sulcus
Fasciculus gracilis, gracile tubercle (Goll)
Sulcus intermedius posterior
Fasciculus cuneatus,cuneate tuberlce (Burdach)
Posterolateral sulcus
inferior cerebellar peduncle:
from the lateral funiculus of the oblongate medulla

9. Rhomboid fossa: Striae medullares (pathway of the hearing)
Median sulcus
Medial eminence, colliculus facialis (n.VI.)
Sulcus limitans
Locus coeruleus
(the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain
 is integrally involved in regulation of sleep and waking.
vestibular (and cochlear) area: lateral recess
Hypoglossal trigone
Vagal trigone
area postrema
( chemoreceptor trigger zone for vomiting)
Tenia of tela choroidea
Obex:under it starts the central canal

10. Forth ventricle Base: Rhomboid fossa Roof: Superior medullary velum+
lingula (cerebellum)
Fastigium : top-notch
Inferior medullary velum
Tela and plexus choroideus

11. Vertical section of the brain

12. BASIS MESENCEPHALI PONS MEDULLA OBLONGATA CORTEX CEREBRI
CAPSULA INTERNA
CORPUS MAMMILLARE
BASIS MESENCEPHALI
PONS
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
FOSSA INTERPEDUNCULARIS

13. Asceding (sensory) and descending (motor) pathways
only running through (tr. spinotahalamicus, tr. corticospinalis etc.) or
relay (n. fasciculi gracilis et cuneati, oliva inferior)
- start (tr. reticulospinalis, tr. rubrospinalis)
- end (tr. corticopontinus)
-formatio reticularis
nuclei of the cranial nerves

14. The brain stem contains extensive fields of intermingled neurons and nerve fibres, which are collectively termed the reticular formation.
-phylogenetically ancient, representing a primitive nerve network upon which more anatomically organized, functionally selective, connections have developed during evolution
Their conduction paths are difficult to define, complex and often polysynaptic, and they have ascending and descending components that are partly crossed and uncrossed. Their components subserve somatic and visceral functions.
They include distinct chemoarchitectonic nuclear groups, including clusters of serotoninergic neurones (group B cells),
cholinergic neurones (group Ch cells),
and three catecholaminergic groups composed of noradrenergic (group A), adrenergic (group C), and dopaminergic (group A) neurones,

15. Nuclei of the reticular formation
Sup. view
Locus coeruleus
N. raphe pontis
N. ret. para-medialis
N. ret. parvi-cellularis
N. raphe pallidus
N. ret. giganto-cellularis
Typical cell shapes
N. raphe obscurus
N. ret. lateralis
N. ventralis reticularis

16. Cranial nerve nuclei EW III. IV. V. VI. VII. Nucleus sal. sup. et inf.
Nucleus ambiguus
Nucleus dorsalis n. vagi (X.)
Nucleus n. XII.
Nucleus n. XI.
Red and black motor nuclei, the blue ones are sensory

17. Motor nuclei in lateral view
mesencephalon: N. III. , IV.
Pons: N. V., VI.
Bulb:
Az agytörzs mikroszkópos szerkezetének tanulmányozása
kitüntetett síkban készített keresztmetszeteken történik

18. Mediansagittal section with
transvers sections
Animáció : Dr Nemeskéri Ágnes

19. realignment of the gray matter
SACRALIS
LUMBALIS
SUP. THORACALIS
CERVICALIS
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
PONS
MESENCEPHALON IV
realignment of the gray matter

20. Nucleus motorius nervi III. Tr. spinoth. III. Lemniscus medialis
Cross sectionof the mesencephalon
at the superior colliculus
Coll. sup.
Tectum
N. mesenc. N.V.
Tegmentum
Basis(crus) mesenc.
Formatio reticularis Py
Edinger Westphal N.III.
Nucleus motorius nervi III.
Tr. spinoth.
III.
Lemniscus medialis
N. ruber
Substantia nigra

21. Parts of the diencephalon
THALAMUS:
is sensory part of the brain and contributes to emotional responses to sensory experience,
relay nuclei of motor system (extrapyramidal)
2. HYPOTHALAMUS: highest center of endocrine and autonomic system
3. METATHALAMUS: relay nuclei of visual and auditory pathways
4. SUBTHALAMUS: component of the extrapyramidal system
5. EPITHALAMUS: belongs to the limbic system, and melatonin production(epiphysis)

22. Mediansagittal section
Plexus choroideus ventriculi tertii
Thalamus
Epiphysis
III
Hypothalamus
Recessus supraopticus IV
Chiasma opticum
Hypophyseal stem
Neurohypophysis
Corpus mammillare
Recessus infundibuli
Tuber cinereum -
Eminentia mediana

23. Development of the diencephalon
EPITHALAMUS
adult
Embryo
THALAMUS
III
III
GLOBUS PALLIDUS
SUBTHALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS

24. Development of the lamina affixa

25. thalamus, metathalamus, epithalamus
Dorsal view
thalamus, metathalamus, epithalamus
colliculus superior
THALAMUS
brachium colliculi superioris
stria medullaris thalami
habenula
corpus geniculatum laterale
META-
THALA-MUS
habenular comissure
corpus geniculatum mediale
EPI-
THALAMUS
Epiphysis
Pineal body
Corpus pineale
brachium colliculi inferioris
colliculus inferior

26. metathalamus
Lateral geniculate body=corpus geniculatum laterale CGL -relay of optic tract – superior brachium – sup. colliculus
Medial geniculate body=corpus geniculatum mediale CGM – relay of auditory pathway – inferior brachium – inf. colliculus

27. subthalamus Under the thalamus Continuation of tegmentum mesencephali
Nucleus subthalamicus

29. III VENTRICULUS LATERALIS, PARS CENTRALIS GLOBUS PALLIDUS
THA-LA-MUS
III
Capsula interna
VENTRICULUS LATERALIS, CORNU INFERIOR
HYPOTHALAMUS
NUCLEUS SUBTHALAMICUS

30. Parts of the lateral ventricule
Telencephalon hólyag
Prosence-phalon
CORNU ANTERIOR
PARS CENTRALIS
CORNU POSTERIOR
Diencephalon hólyag
Hemispherium
Mesence-phalon
lobus frontalis
ventriculus tertius
CORNU INFERIOR
Rhombence-phalon
Gerinc-velő
lobus temporalis
lobus occipitalis
agyhólyagok

31. Cornu temporalis Pars centralis Cornu anterior VENTRICULUS TERTIUS
Cornu posterior
Aqueductus mesencephali
VENTRICULUS QUARTUS
Cornu temporalis

32. Superior and lateral view
Anterior horn
Central part
III
Inferior horn IV
I,II lateral ventricle
Posterior horn
superior
III. ventricle
IV. ventricle
Lateral
AQUAEDUCTUS MESENCEPHALI

33. Third ventricle Foramen interventricularis Monroi III. agykamra
Aqueductus cerebri
IV. agykamra

34. Lateral wall of III. ventricle
Thalamus Adhesio interthalamica Sulcus hypothalamicus Hypothalamus

35. Anterior wall of III. ventricle
Columnae fornicis Commissura anterior (rostralis) Lamina terminalis Recessus triangularis (Although it is seldom reported in neuroanatomy handbooks and is not readily accessible under normal conditions, the TR is a characteristic structure of the third ventricle, which might become apparent in several conditions that produce hydrocephalus.)

36. Inferior wall
Hypothalamus Chiasma opticum, recessus supraopticus Infundibulum or pituitary stalk, Tuber cinereum-Eminentia mediana Corpora mamillaria Subthalamus 10 13 11 12
10. Commissura anterior
11. Recessus supraopticus
12. Recessus infundibuli

37. Posterior wall Pineal body 1 Habenular comissure 2
Posterior comissure 3
Suprapinal recess 13
Pineal recess 14
Mesencephalic aqueduct 4
Tegmentum 5 13 2 14 1 3 4 5

38. Roof of the III ventricle
Lamina epithelialis ventriculi tertii : atteched to the striae medullares thalami and habenular commissure =Taenia thalami
lamina epithelialis + pia mater= tela choroidea
plexus choroideus is that part of the tela which is protruded into the ventricle
Through the interventricular foramen the choroid plexus continues to lateral ventricle
Plexus choroideus
(lat. ventr)
(III. ventr)

39. plexus choroideus and tenias
TENIA FORNICIS
TENIA CHOROIDEA
TENIA THALAMI
III. and lat. Ventr.
velum medullare superius +
lingula (cerebellum)
Sup. view
velum medullare inferius
inferius
velum medullare
Tela and plexus choroideus
Lat.view
apertura lateralis , foramen Luschka
and Bochdalek flower basket
to the basal cisterns
apertura mediana, foramen Magendi to cisterna magna

41. Circumventricular organs
- contain fenestrated capillaries (no blood-brain barrier) -> exposed to blood's environment, to detect substances (e.g. toxins) & hormone release
rat
human

42. Recesses of the III ventricle
1. Recessus triangularis: Columnae fornices, Commissura anterior, Rostrum corporis callosi
2. Recessus opticus: Chiasma opticum, Lamina terminalis
3. Recessus infundibuli: behind the chiasma
4. Recessus suprapinealis: above the commissura habenularum felett
5. Recessus pinealis: below the commissura habenularum in the pineal body

43. Thanks for your attention!
Crossman, A. R. Neuroanatomy, illustrated colour text, 2010, Elsevier
Barr, M.L., Kiernan, J.A. The Human Nervous System. An Anatomical Viewpoint. Philadelphia, 1993.
Burt, A.M., Textbook of Neuroanatomy W.B. Saunders Company
Kahle, W., Leonhardt, H., Platzer, W. Color Atlas/Text of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3. Nervous System and Sensory Organs. Stuttgart, New York, 1993.