1. Today’s class Listening, Speaking, TEE Review Learning theories
Learning hypotheses
YL discourse scripts
Homework

2. Icebreakers
Star Game Icebreaker

3. Acrostic Poem

4. Course Description In this course we will learn about…
language acquisition
foundations of listening and speaking
classroom language
how to plan and teach activities

5. What does it mean?
TEE
EAP
TESOL
ESP
EFL
ENOP
ESL

6. Receptive and Productive skills
In which order are they learned?

7. What’s the difference?
Language acquisition vs. Language learning
subconscious
incidental
‘natural’
common in young learners
conscious
on purpose
involves meta-language
common in adults

8. Theories about how to teach
Learning theories
Theories about how to teach
Approach : Opinions about how to encourage learning
Method : actions that engage learning
Technique :
classroom strategies
Technique :
classroom strategies

9. L1 acquisition There are three main theories:
1. The Behaviorist Perspective
2. The Innatist Perspective
3. The Interactional/Developmental Perspective

10. Behaviourism Practice makes perfect. 1940s-1950s, B.F. Skinner
Practice makes perfect.
1940s-1950s, B.F. Skinner
Children imitate language produced around them.
Positive reinforcement encourages children to continue to imitate and practice.

11. “Learning is forming a habit.”
Behaviorism
“Learning is forming a habit.”

12. Behaviorism lead to Audio-lingualism
“the Army Method”
In World War II, large numbers of military personnel needed to learn to speak foreign languages quickly.
Listen and repeat

13. However… children use language creatively.
Children learn patterns in language.
Children apply and experiment with language.
Children overgeneralize patterns to new contexts.

14. The Innatist Perspective
It’s all in your mind.
Noam Chomsky.
Children are biologically programmed for language.
The environment is only a basic contribution to a child’s LA.
Belief in a Universal Grammar (UG)

15. The innatist perspective is linked to the Critical Period Hypothesis
“animals, including humans, are genetically programmed to acquire certain kinds of knowledge and skills at specific times in life”
Case Studies: Victor & Genie
Implications for SLA?

16. Interactionist/Developmental Perspectives
Language is gained through interaction with people and objects around them.
The environment is important. The brain is a powerful learning tool, too.
Piaget: “Language can be used to represent knowledge that children have acquired through physical interaction with the environment.”
Vygotsky: “Language develops primarily from social interaction.”
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Children can do more in this zone than they would be able to independently.

17. Piaget’s Stages of Development
Child development

18. Vygotsky’s Social Constructivism

19. Scaffolding is the support the teacher gives to the learner.
Scaffolding in language teaching can include talking simply and slowly, doing easy tasks before difficult tasks, using mimes to help comprehension, showing pictures, and more.
Bruner
Scaffolding
scaffolding
scaffolding
learner development

20. Behaviourist Perspective Innatist Perspective
Task:
Match the information in the red boxes below with the perspective
Behaviourist Perspective
Innatist Perspective
Interactionist/Developmental Perspective
Children are biologically programmed for language
Language develops primarily from social interaction
A reasonable way of understanding how children learn at the earliest stages
All humans possess a Universal Grammar
It’s all in your mind
Positive reinforcement encourages children
Piaget & Vygotsky
Linked to the Critical Period Hypothesis
Children imitate selectively
Language represents knowledge that children have acquired
ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development
Say what I say

21. Answers Behaviourist Perspective Innatist Perspective
Interactionist/Developmental Perspective
A reasonable way of understanding how children learn at the earliest stages
Children are biologically programmed for language
Language develops primarily from social interaction
It’s all in your mind
Language represents knowledge that children have acquired
Say what I say
All humans possess a Universal Grammar
Positive reinforcement encourages children
Linked to the Critical Period Hypothesis
ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development
Children imitate selectively
Piaget & Vygotsky

22. Stephen Krashen’s Monitor Model
Acquisition-learning hypothesis
Monitor hypothesis
Natural order hypothesis
Input hypothesis
Affective filter hypothesis
scaffolding
hypothesis: an explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

23. Order of Acquisition Possessive –s Copula forms of be Plural –s
In what order do you think language learners acquire these grammatical morphemes?
Possessive –s
Copula forms of be
Plural –s
Progressive –ing
Auxiliary forms of be
Irregular Past Tense
Definite and Indefinite Articles
Third Person –s
scaffolding

24. Definite and indefinite articles the and a The girls go.1.
Plural -s
Girls go. 2.
Progressive -ing
Girls going. 3.
Copula forms of be
Girls are here. 4.
Auxiliary forms of be
Girls are going. 5.
Definite and indefinite articles the and a
The girls go. 6.
Irregular past tense
The girls went. 7.
Third person -s
The girl goes. 8.
Possessive 's
The girl's book.
scaffolding

25. Communicative Language Teaching

26. Scripts of YL discourse
a : extended expression of thought on a subject
b : connected speech or writing
c : a linguistic unit (as a conversation or a story) larger than a sentence

27. Scripts of YL discourse

28. Materials HW for Next Class:
Read Week 3 Meaning First
answer the questions on the homework worksheet