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Neoplasms of infancy and childhood

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1 Neoplasms of infancy and childhood
Dr. Abdul Haseeb Khan Associate Professor

2 Neoplasms of infancy and childhood
Benign>malignant Incidence of malignancy:1-15 yrs /10,000 /year. Most malignant tumours in children arise from hematopoietic, nervous and soft tissues

3 Difference between adult & Paed tumours
Association between abnormal development (teratogenesis) & tumour induction. Prevalence of constitutional genetic abnormalities or syndromes that predispose to cancer Tendency of malignancy to undergo differentiation Improved survival

4 Benign tumours Hemangiomas “port wine stain”
Lymphangiomas (cystic hygroma) Sacrococcygeal teratoma Naevi

5 Sacrococcygeal teratomas
Germ cell neoplasm 1:40,000 live births Mass in the sacrum and buttocks Composed of elements of > 1 germ cell layer.mixture of elements. Neural origin determines the behaviour < 2 months-benign.

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8 Neuroblastoma Embryonal malignant tumour Neural crest origin
Neoplastic neuroblasts Site: adrenal medulla &sympathetic ganglia 7-10% of solid paediatric malignancies. Sporadic occurance. Rarely familial (bilateral,multifocal)

9 Pathology of neuroblastoma
Site :Paravertebral, Posterior mediastinum, abdomen ,Adrenal 1/3 Gross appearance: Nodular, of varying size May be encapsulated or infiltrative Cut section: grey-tan, soft and friable Varigated,necrosis,hemorrhage, calcificaton,cystic change

10 Gross appearence of Neuroblastoma.

11 Microscopy of neuroblastoma
Sheets of small,round,blue cells with dark nuclei,scant cytoplasm,indistinct borders. Mitosis++, Karyorrhectic debris + Pleomorphism +/- Homer-Wright rosettes, Neuropil. Maturation: Schwann cell, stroma &ganglion cell differentiation

12 Microscopy of neuroblastoma

13 Clinical features Abdominal mass, fever Blueberry muffin
Wide metastasis Secrete catecholamines Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)/Homovanillic acid (HVA) screening.

14 Prognosis Stage spread to regional lymph nodes,liver,lungs,bones etc
Age :< 1 yr. Morphology –gangliocytic differentiation better MYCN (N myc) gene amplification-worse

15 Retinoblastoma Malignant tumour of the eye in childhood
Neuroepithelial origin –posterior retina Familial, %, associated with germ line mutation, heritable. Sporadic:30-40%,somatic gene mutation. Associated with Rb 1 gene Secondary malignancy –osteosarcoma

16 RB gene RB gene is on chromosome 13
RB gene function is the most critical checkpoint in the cell cycle and allows the cell to enter from G1 to S Tumour supressor gene If both RB genes are abnormal i.e. mutated or have a missing allele, it permits unregulated cell proliferation. Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis People with RB mutations are susceptibe to malignancies especially osteosarcoma

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18 Morphology of retinoblastoma

19 Morphology of retinoblastoma
Gross: occular masses. Microscopy: Sheets of small,round,blue cells with dark nuclei,scant cytoplasm,indistinct borders Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes.

20 Behaviour Spread through optic nerve or to subarachnoid space to CNS, bone, lymph nodes. Cure with treatment Spontaneous cure Second malignancy

21 Wilms’ tumour (Nephroblastoma)
Malignant neoplasm of embryonal nephrogenic elements Composed of embryonal elements Prevalence :1:10,000 2-5 yrs Good prognosis Associated with congenital malformations Tumour resembles developing kidney

22 Associated syndromes WAGR –Wilms tumour, Aniridia, Genitourinary anomalies,mental Retardation WT 1 gene Denys-Drash syndrome: Wilms tumour,intersexual disorders,glomerulopathy. WT1 gene Beckwith –Wiedemann syndrome(BWS) :Wilms tumour, overgrowth, visceromegaly,macroglossia. WT2

23 Cut surface :bulging,pale tan

24 Histopathology of Wilms tumour
Components of Wilms tumour (triphasic) Blastema Immature epithelial- abortive tubules ,glomeruli Immature stroma (mesenchymal)

25 Clinical features 1-3 yrs Unilateral (sporadic),bilateral (familial)
Large abdominal mass Hematuria Pain abdomen Hypertension Intestinal obstruction Pulmonary metastasis


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