5. Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary and amount to a historical and social construct. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundary with Asia.

7. Europe is more than a geographical expression
Europe is more than a geographical expression. The growth of an increasingly homogeneous European culture, and also a belief among thinking men and women that they belong to a single, even if diverse, European cultural community, are facts of history and facts of this present time.
Hugh Seton-Watson

8. Europa
And gradually she lost her fear, and he
Offered his breast for her virgin caresses,
His horns for her to wind with chains of flowers
Until the princess dared to mount his back
Her pet bull's back, unwitting whom she rode.
Then—slowly, slowly down the broad, dry beach—
First in the shallow waves the great god set
His spurious hooves, then sauntered further out
'til in the open sea he bore his prize
Fear filled her heart as, gazing back, she saw
The fast receding sands. Her right hand grasped
A horn, the other lent upon his back
Her fluttering tunic floated in the breeze.
——Metamorphoses
The rape of Europa (El rapto de Europa), 1772, Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes

10. From Hellenism to Christianity
146BC
Rome occupied Greek
54AD
Christianity flow into Athens
313AD
Edict of Milan

11. Orthodox and Catholic Hellenes Barbarians Christianity Infidels

12. The Birth of Europe as an Ideology
The birth of “Europe” as an idea can be traced back to as early as the 15th century.
The rise of the Ottoman Empire coincided with anti-muslim propaganda and the development of “us v. them”.
Thus, the notion of exclusivity began to develop.

13. The Rise of Peter the Great
The emergence of secular states and scientific discoveries coincided with the fall of Christendom.
Authors began to use “Europe” instead of Christendom.
A sense of superiority began to develop among states in comparison to their eastern neighbours.
Russia first resisted the lures of Europe, but Peter the Great initiated reforms to accept and learn their cultural ways.
Rosseau: “Russia will never be civilised because it was civilised too soon…”

14. The Clash of Political Ideals
The idea of Europe became associated with both linguistic and racial markers.
Some scholars associated certain states such as France as the epitome of “European” culture.
The rise of the Blosheviks in Russia along with socialism again created distance between Russia and Peter’s European goal.

15. The Continued Refinement of Europe
We cannot confine the idea of Europe to one single moment, but a series of moments throughout history.
Morrison: “European identity...comprise a set of characteristics unique to particular peoples and subjects owing to a common European history and culture. Within this ‘thick’ definition, European identity is considered the product of unique historical experiences.”

16. Thank you
For your attention.