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History of DNA
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History of DNA
Early scientists thought protein was the cell’s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA
That changed with Fred Griffith and his rats…
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Griffith Experiment
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Transformation
Fred Griffith worked with virulent S and nonvirulent R strain Pneumoccocus bacteria
He found that R strain could become virulent when it took in DNA from heat-killed S strain
Study suggested that DNA was probably the genetic material
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History of DNA
Chromosomes are made of both DNA and protein
Experiments on bacteriophage viruses by Hershey & Chase proved that DNA was the cell’s genetic material
Radioactive 32P was injected into bacteria!
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6. Discovery of DNA Structure
Erwin Chargaff showed the amounts of the four bases on DNA ( A,T,C,G)
Based off of studies on various different blood samples from many different organisms including humans, cows, pigs and other mammals
Discovered that the amount of Adenine (A) was roughly equal to the amount of Thymine (T) and that the amount of Guanine (G) was roughly equal to the amount of Cytosine (C)
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Chargaff’s Rule
Adenine must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with Cytosine
The bases form weak hydrogen bonds T A G C
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DNA Structure
Rosalind Franklin took diffraction x-ray photographs of DNA crystals
In the 1950’s, Watson & Crick built the first model of DNA using Franklin’s x-rays
They get all the credit, she gets forgotten :O(
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Rosalind Franklin
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DNA Structure
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DNA
Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid
Made up of subunits called nucleotides
Nucleotide made of:
1. Phosphate group
2. 5-carbon sugar
3. Nitrogenous base
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DNA Nucleotide
O=P-O O
Phosphate
Group N
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T) O
CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
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Pentose Sugar
Carbons are numbered clockwise 1’ to 5’
CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
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Nitrogenous Bases
Double ring PURINES
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Single ring PYRIMIDINES
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
A or G
T or C
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Base-Pairings
In a pair of bases, you will have one purine and one pyrimidine
Three hydrogen bonds required to bond Guanine & Cytosine
Two hydrogen bonds are required to bond Adenine & Thymine C G T A
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Question:
If there is 30% Adenine, how much Cytosine is present?
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Answer:
There would be 20% Cytosine
Adenine (30%) = Thymine (30%)
Guanine (20%) = Cytosine (20%)
Therefore, 60% A-T and 40% C-G
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DNA
Two strands coiled called a double helix
Sides made of a pentose sugar Deoxyribose bonded to phosphate (PO4) groups by phosphodiester bonds
Center made of nitrogen bases bonded together by weak hydrogen bonds
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DNA Double Helix
Nitrogenous
Base (A,T,G or C)
“Rungs of ladder”
“Legs of ladder”
Phosphate &
Sugar Backbone
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DNA P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A
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Antiparallel Strands
One strand of DNA goes from 5’ to 3’ (sugars)
The other strand is opposite in direction going 3’ to 5’ (sugars)
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