1. MULTIMEDIA END-SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
An end system includes two major components; hardware architecture and an operating system.
The hardware provides raw resources, such as processing power, memory, and data transfer bandwidth.
The operating system manages these resources so that they can be fully used and the end system as a whole can meet the application’s requirements.

2. Hardware Architecture Requirements
The hardware should have high processing power and high data transfer throughput, as digital audio and video are very data intensive.
Many multimedia applications need to access several input/output devices at the same time. So some sort of parallel architecture is preferred.
The hardware architecture should be scalable to accommodate new input/output devices and application.

3. Multimedia Operating System Requirements
It should use the hardware resources efficiently so that use of these resources is maximized.
QOS requirements of multimedia applications should be guaranteed by using appropriate resource management and process scheduling. One of the major QOS requirements at the operating system level is the guaranteed processing time for each task.
It is preferred that the operating system can run multimedia applications as well as traditional computer applications. This has two implications. First, the traditional application programming interface (API) should be maintained. Second, the traditional applications should not be starved of resources while QOS requirements of multimedia applications are guaranteed.

4. BASIC ORGANIZATION OF END SYSTEMS

5. Multimedia Servers
Merupakan end system yang dapat menyimpan dan mengatur jumlah besar informasi Multimedia dan melayani beberapa clients pada waktu yang sama.

6. Model Sederhana Distributed Multimedia System
Beberapa clients dan servers diinterkonksikan oleh high-speed network.

7. MULTIMEDIA SERVER REQUIREMENTS
Storage capacity dan data transfer rate harus cukup tinggi untuk mendukung beberapa clients secara simultan sehingga sistem ekonomis.
Memberikan jaminan QOS untuk streams requested oleh clients.
Architecture dan technique yang digunakan pada server harus scalable dan dapat mendukung populasi user yang besar.
Provide search capability based on users’ various types of queries.

8. Model Server Multimedia
The scheduler determines which stream is serviced next.
Smoothing buffers are used to deliver continuous mediastreams to applications or to a transport system

10. STORAGE DEVICES Storage Capacity and Transfer Bandwidth Requirements
Assume that the server stores 2,000 movies of 100 minutes each. These movies are MPEG-2-compressed at 8 Mbps with digital television quality, and the server should serve 1,000 clients simultaneously. Then the required storage capacity is 12 TB and transfer bandwidth is 8 Gbps.

11. Soal
Suppose that a video-on-demand server needs to provide video-on-demand service to a city of 100,000 homes; 1,500 movies of 100 minutes, each compressed at 4 Mbps are stored on the server; At any time, 10% of homes will watch the movies independently. Calculate the amount of storage and actual transfer bandwidth required.