Urbanization during the Industrial Revolution

Urbanization during the Industrial Revolution
The Urban Game Urbanization during the Industrial Revolution

One of the defining & most lasting features of the Industrial Revolution was the RISE OF CITIES. In pre-industrial society, over 80% of people lived in rural areas. As migrants moved from the countryside, small towns became large cities. By 1850, for the first time in world history, more people in a country – Great Britain – lived in cities than in rural areas. As other countries in Europe & North America industrialized, they too continued along this path of urbanization. By 1920, a majority of Americans lived in cities. In England, this process of URBANIZATION (process whereby urban areas grow at a rapid rate … rural to urban … pop. explosion) continued persistent throughout the 1800s. The city of LONDON grew from a population of just under 1 million in 1750 to over 6 million by 1900. The small town of MANCHESTER, England also grew rapidly & famously to become the quintessential industrial city. Its cool climate was ideal for textile production. And it was located close to the Atlantic port of Liverpool & the coalfields of Lancashire. The first railroads in the world later connected the textile town to Liverpool. As a result, Manchester quickly became the textile capital of the world, drawing huge numbers of migrants to the city. In 1771, the sleepy town had a population of 22,000. Over the next 50 years, Manchester’s population exploded & reached 180,000. Many of the migrants were destitute farmers from Ireland who were being evicted from their land by their English landlords. In Liverpool & Manchester, roughly 25 to 33% of the workers were Irish. This process of urbanization stimulated the booming new industries by concentrating workers & factories together. The new industrial cities became sources of trade & tremendous wealth for Great Britain. Despite the growth in wealth & industry, urbanization also had some negative effects. On the whole, working-class neighborhoods were bleak, crowded, dirty & polluted. Alexis de Tocqueville, a French traveler & writer, visited Manchester in 1835 & commented on the environmental hazards. “From this foul Drain the greatest stream of human industry flows out to fertilize the whole world. From this filthy sewer pure gold flows. Here humanity attains its most complete development & its most brutish, here civilization works its miracles & civilized man is turned almost into a savage.”

DO NOT make your pictures this big!

INTRODUCTION – ROUND ONE
The year is The scene is a rural village in the English countryside (most of England’s population lives in Rural areas). * * Life in the rural English village is similar to other villages throughout Europe in the 18th century. Change comes very slowly. People move at a much slower pace & have access to very little information about the world outside of their village. Three out of every four Englishmen live in small villages like this one. The average village is inhabited by anywhere from 200 to 400 people. Generally, the tallest structure in the village is the church (the religion of England is Anglican – ‘Church of England’ – protestant).

Home life & work life is closely integrated as most work is done in nearby fields or in the home or by an adjoining workshop (the “cottage industry”). * * The family is an economical unit as well as a social unit. Every member of the family works very hard from sun-up to sun-down. Even small children have chores. The homes of villagers are very small with earthen floors & inadequate lighting & ventilation. All members of the family sleep in the same room & sometimes shared living quarters with the livestock. Sons work with their fathers farming & tending livestock while daughters work with their mothers cleaning, cooking, sewing & other domestic chores.

Life expectancy is slightly over 40 years of age. Most people get married in their mid-teens & have babies by the time they are 20. It is common for women to die during childbirth. Step-mothers & step-fathers are common in rural villages such as this one. One baby out of three dies before their first birthday & only one child in two lives to see their 21st birthday. The main occupation of England is farming. Generally, private & public lands are not separated by fences as they are today. * * Every village has a public area called the ‘commons.’ This is land which is available to anyone for pasturing, hunting, gathering fire wood, growing of crops, etc. Poor farmers who did not own their own land, or rented, could make out a marginal living by depending on the ‘commons.’ * *

Villages are connected by a system of dirt roads that become almost impassable during the wet season. As a result, transportation is often slow & trade beyond the village is not easy. People make their own food, clothes, furniture, tools & homes. A few items which cannot be produced can be obtained by wandering peddlers. Finally, for fuel, there are two natural sources: firewood & coal (both of which England has plenty of). * * Nearly every English village has a coal mining operation. These mines employ a small number of village dwellers, especially in the winter. Coal pits from which coal is extracted belong to the owner of the property where the coal mine is situated.

Over the next 150 years, a significant revolution will completely change life in your village. Some historians believe that this revolution is the most fundamental change in human history! DIRECTIONS Draw a river across your paper connecting east to west; the river shouldn’t be thicker than 1/2 inch wide. Draw a simple wooden bridge crossing the river. Draw 2 roads one running north to south and crossing the river at the bridge and one running from east to west (neither road needs to be a straight line). Draw 10 houses; 1 church; 1 cemetery; 1 store; 1 pub; 1 coal mine and at least 50 trees!

ROUND TWO It is now For a variety of different reasons (soap, diet, sanitation, more access to food, etc.) there is a population explosion in England and in your village. The Bubonic Plague, which for centuries wiped out your village, has been virtually eliminated due to the disposal of sewage in the canals & then ultimately the ocean. DIRECTIONS Add 5 houses (total 15).

Fence off an area 1x1 inches to be reserved as a commons.
ROUND THREE It is The people of your village need a bit more food and goods to meet the needs of the new inhabitants. Coincidentally, a number of other noteworthy events occur around First, a number of new mechanical inventions for farming are developed. Perhaps the greatest impact was Jethro Tull’s creation of the seed drill and the horse drawn cultivator. Also, farmers begin to experiment with new, more productive framing practices like crop-rotation, new fertilizers & new livestock breeding techniques. * * Consequently, farm production is significantly increased. But, there is one problem. Most farmers own one tract of land. Why should they, or how could they, invest in expensive machines when their land is so small? What’s more, it’s almost impossible to buy land from anyone! At the same time, pressure is placed on Parliament to make more land available. Where is that land coming from? The ‘commons’ of course! A series of laws call the Enclosure Acts are passed by Parliament. This means that landowners can buy pieces of common land from the government. DIRECTIONS Fence off an area 1x1 inches to be reserved as a commons. Add 5 houses (total 20) and 1 more nice house.

ROUND FOUR It is now England’s geography is unique in that no section of the country is more than 90 miles from the sea and there are many navigable rivers that crisscross the countryside. An enterprising young capitalist (you) decides to invest money in the construction of a canal (the ‘Bridgewater Canal’). This is not a public venture but rather a private one. The profits from your canal are astonishing! * * This new revolution in transportation reduced the price of raw materials & reduced the cost of transportation drastically. Coal could now be transported from the mines to the towns for half the price of horse-wagon transportation. DIRECTIONS Since you invested your money, thereby making a tidy profit, build yourself 1 NICE HOUSE anywhere on the map you would like it to be. Don’t forget to construct the CANAL. It must run parallel to the river.

ROUND FIVE It is now A man named Richard Arkwright invents a new machine that can spin & weave cloth a hundred times faster than could be done by hand in a farm cottage. He calls his new machine the Water Frame because its principle source of power was water. * * Let’s imagine that the first water frame was built in your village (because of the river). Since the water frame was large, a special building was needed and thus, the first factory for producing cotton cloth was built! DIRECTIONS Add 1 factory (no smoke—it is powered by water). Remember, the cotton factory must be placed on the river bank. Canal water is not swift enough to generate the power to the working parts of the water frame. Add 5 houses for workers (total 25).

ROUND SIX It is now Workers are needed to work in this new factory. Since many people (women) cannot compete with the spinning & weaving of cloth made in the factory, & there are large numbers of poor families who have lost their livelihood due to the Enclosure Acts, we have an available supply of workers. People move to your village to find work! DIRECTIONS Add 15 houses (total 40); 1 church , 1 pub, & 1 store. You may draw 2 additional roads and 1 additional bridge.

ROUND SEVEN LATE 1770s. The profits from the first textile factory are enormous. It should be no surprise that Richard Arkwright becomes the first millionaire & the “Father of the Factory.” * * New factories are built in your community! The early owners of these factories called themselves capitalists because they had the capital or money to purchase the raw material, the building and the water frame, & to pay their workers a fixed wage & make a profit. DIRECTIONS Add 5 new factories (must be on the river bank as they need water power). Add 5 houses (total 45)

ROUND EIGHT It is Unemployed & homeless workers from surrounding areas flood into your community looking for work. Although wages are very low, they look attractive to starving families. Housing is in great demand & for the first time a new kind of housing is constructed called Tenements. Here, dozens of families reside under one roof. * * DIRECTIONS Add 5 Tenements.

ROUND NINE It is now More workers need to live, eat, shop, drink & worship. We need the social support services to go along with the demand. Since workers in the factories work 6 days a week, the only day of rest is Sunday. People flock to your churches so make them convenient for their tired feet! DIRECTIONS Add 1 store, 1 pub & 1 church. Add 1 school for those families wealthy enough to send their children (boys) to school.

ROUND TEN It is now Workers work long, hard hours in the factories. The average work day begins at 6:00 a.m. & ends at 9:00 p.m. There is only a 30 minute break for lunch. After work, exhausted & “stressed out” workers stop at their local PUB for some fun & “relaxation.” ALCOHOL begins to be consumed throughout England in record amounts. DIRECTIONS Add 5 more pubs. Destroy (erase) 5 houses (total 40) & add 4 tenements.

Note: From this point on trees may be removed if you need space.
ROUND ELEVEN It is now Workers barely live a marginal existence. There is never enough money to save & some workers go into debt. Few, if any, could afford to send their children to school. Still, there are a few families whose lifestyle is quite comfortable, even luxurious. Who are they? They are the large landowning farmers, merchant traders & factory owners. These new rich are not part of the aristocratic class of England but they now can enjoy some of the refinements of the aristocratic rich such as food, servants, furniture, education, fine clothing, carriages, etc. DIRECTIONS Add 2 special homes (mansions that are lavishly furnished with art). Add 1 factory, add 15 houses for management personages (total 55). Note: From this point on trees may be removed if you need space.

ROUND TWELVE The year is A man named James Watt invents a new machine called the steam engine. The steam engine replaces the water frame! * * First, it is far more efficient. Second, it allows factories to be built away from the river. This source of power is more mobile. Capitalists quickly replace their water frames with steam powered weaving & spinning machines. The main business in England is still textile manufacturing. DIRECTIONS Add 10 factories with smoke. Add smoke to all other pre-existing factories. Also, add 1 nicer house because people continue to get rich. Add 5 houses (total 60) and 1 tenement. Note: From this point on trees may be removed if you need space.

ROUND THIRTEEN The year is A man named Henry Cort has just recently invented the puddling process. This process makes it possible for coal, which is, fortunately, in abundant supply in England, to be used as the primary fuel in the new iron industry. * * Consequently, your town is thrust into the “New Age of Heavy Industry.” Larger factory districts appear which manufacture iron at low prices & that can easily be transported by your canal. DIRECTIONS Add 1 coal mine and 1 new iron bridge to replace the old wooden one. Add 5 houses (total 65). Note: From this point on trees may be removed if you need space.

ROUND FOURTEEN The year is Coal miners are busy mining coal. There is a great demand for coal right now: home-heating, fuel for the steam engines & for the production of iron (Abraham Darby). Although, in the 1700s, coal miners were adults who worked in the winter to supplement their wages, in the 1800s, they are typically children between the ages of 8 and 14. The work is dangerous & unhealthy. Children become victims of black lung, explosions & accidents. Their growth is stunted as they spend their 14 hour day stooped over. They are malnourished and unable to exercise or eat properly. Casualty rates go up. DIRECTIONS Add 1 coal mine and 1 cemetery. Note: From this point on trees may be removed if you need space.

ROUND FIFTEEN It is The existing canals & dirt roads cannot accommodate the heavy industrial traffic. New experiments with transportation using the power of a steam engine are tried. The most successful appears to be a steam engine that pulls a series of wagons or cars on an iron track. The first railroad (Liverpool to Manchester; George Stephenson) is tested & proves to be quite effective! * * DIRECTIONS Add 1 major railroad line connecting all your factories to your coal mines. This is one continuous track which must connect all factories and mines (you may build additional railroad bridges only as needed). Add 5 houses (total 70) for railroad builders. Note: From this point on trees may be removed if you need space.

ROUND SIXTEEN It is This new “revolution” in transportation draws thousands of people to your community. Soon, there becomes a surplus of workers. CAPITALISTS who wish to ensure their profits decide to hire women & children over men because can perform the same factory labor at one-half to one-quarter the price. More & more children leave their homes to work. Depressed, ashamed & angry about their wives & children toiling in factories, many men turn to crime & the social life of the pub. For the first time in England’s history, alcoholism appears in epidemic proportions. Family life that existed for hundreds of years in England is disrupted. Family members seldom eat together or see each other. DIRECTIONS Add 1 jail, 2 pubs and 2 tenements. Note: From this point on trees may be removed if you need space.

ROUND SEVENTEEN It is Let’s look at the working conditions in the factories. The two predominant factories are textile & iron. Working conditions in either of these factories were appalling. Many workers contacted the deadly factory fever or white lung disease (probably a variety of lung ailments: cancer, tuberculosis, emphysema, etc.) Other workers were injured on the job in factory accidents. There were no protective railings around the huge moving mechanical parts of machinery. Children, weakened from lack of proper sleep or diet, stumbled into machinery & were mutilated. Women with long hair that became undone often found themselves caught in moving machinery. Regardless, if you were unable to work, you were fired. There was no health insurance. There was always a daily line of unemployed workers waiting to fill vacant jobs. DIRECTIONS Add 2 hospitals and 1 cemetery. Note: From this point on trees may be removed if you need space.

ROUND EIGHTEEN It is There is a need for quicker transportation. Coal, iron, finished products and raw materials must all be transported from one area of England to another. In Ireland in the late 1830s, a devastating potato famine drove hundreds of thousands of Irish into England. Here was the cheapest of labor possible to build more railroads. DIRECTIONS Add 1 more railroad line passing east to west through your town. Add 5 houses (total 75) and 1 tenement for the new railroad workers. Note: From this point on trees may be removed if you need space.

ROUND NINETEEN It is There are some advantages to urban dwellers. City life is very different from the country life. For the small but growing middle classes, a whole new cultural life is available. Museums, theater, opera, restaurants, plays & concerts are made available. Whereas, before only the aristocrats could afford the arts, now the MIDDLE CLASS enjoys the fine life of culture and good living. DIRECTIONS Add 1 theater and 1 museum. Add 2 private schools for upper class students (mark these schools with the letter ‘P’). Add 1 nice house. Note: From this point on trees may be removed if you need space.

ROUND TWENTY It is There are no pollution controls so the air in your community looks dark. Windows, walls even trees are covered with layers of soot & coke. The river that once flowed through your quiet village for hundreds of years is now unfit for drinking, bathing or laundry. A new disease begins to take the lives of people. Malignant tumors grow in peoples’ bodies & the term cancer is first used in the medical profession. The average life expectancy for the poor classes is now 30 years of age. Your city is overcrowded & shrouded in factory smoke. The noises, the loss of privacy & the loss of the family unit shatters the peace of the old ways. Suicide rates double and then triple. DIRECTIONS Add 1 cemetery, 1 jail and 1 hospital to accommodate the victims of urban life. Note: From this point on trees may be removed if you need space.

ROUND TWENTY-ONE It is By this year several million acres of good English land has been enclosed and sold to private parties who own large estates. These farmers purchase the newest power-driven machinery & can easily feed the working class of England (including the Irish). The small landowning farmer is crushed by the enclosed commons. They cannot afford the machinery & therefore cannot compete & grow food profitably. Thousands of these folk leave their villages (where their ancestors had lived for hundreds of years) & move to towns & cities looking for work to feed their families. Some refused to leave but took jobs working for the large landowning farmers. By the thousands, they moved to the bleak, uninviting towns of the north and the new cotton mills. DIRECTIONS Add 20 houses (total 95), 5 tenements, 2 stores, 1 church, 5 factories, 1 pub, 2 more nice houses and 1 special house. Note: From this point on trees may be removed if you need space.

1.) List 5 problems that you encountered as you were drawing your city. (focus on the GAME)
2.) List 5 effects that urbanization had on society during the Industrial Revolution. (connect game to ‘REAL-LIFE’)

“Manchester experienced a 6x increase in its population between 1771 & 1831”
URBANIZATION Manchester, England & Urbanization …nowhere was the process of urbanization & industrialization better illustrated than the city of Manchester, the world's first industrial city.

URBANIZATION

TENEMENTS …urban renewal, planned cities
* History of Tenements: ( Poorer families in Britain lived in small and crowded tenements. Families with four to five children shared rooms. There was no running water, no windows, and no backyards. The stairs were steep and dangerous to climb. Families had to share an outside bathroom and water pumps. Smoke produced from factories polluted the air blocked the sunlight. Trash was thrown on the streets, and the streets were so dirty that more than 31,000 people died of diseases like cholera in Basically, tenement conditions were horrible and unsuitable for living in. People only lived in them because they were poor and had no other choice. Eventually, Parliament passed laws that made living conditions better. Proper sewers and drains were built, streets were paved, and lights were installed… “A typical tenement building had five to seven stories and occupied nearly all of the lot upon which it was built (usually 25 feet wide and 100 feet long, according to existing city regulations). Many tenements began as single-family dwellings, and many older structures were converted into tenements by adding floors on top or by building more space in rear-yard areas. With less than a foot of space between buildings, little air and light could get in. In many tenements, only the rooms on the street got any light, and the interior rooms had no ventilation (unless air shafts were built directly into the room). Later, speculators began building new tenements, often using cheap materials and construction shortcuts. Even new, this kind of housing was at best uncomfortable and at worst highly unsafe.” TENEMENTS …urban renewal, planned cities

HUMAN WASTE – ‘CESSPOOL’
…development of sewers (late 1800s) Cesspits were introduced to Europe in the 16th century, at a time when urban populations were growing at a faster rate than in the past. The added burden of waste volume began overloading urban street gutters, where chamber pots were emptied each day. There was no regulation of cesspit construction until the 18th century, when a need to address sanitation and safety concerns became apparent. Cesspits were cleaned out by tradesmen using shovels and horse-drawn wagons. * Cesspools were cleaned only at night, to reduce the smell and annoyance to the public. The typical cesspit was cleaned out once every 8 to 10 years. Fermentation of the solid waste collecting in cesspits, however, resulted in dangerous infections and gases that sometimes asphyxiated cesspit cleaners. Cesspits began to be cleaned out more regularly, but strict regulations for cesspit construction and ventilation were not introduced until the 1800s. * Before construction reforms were introduced in the early 19th century, liquid waste would seep away through the ground, leaving solid waste behind in the cesspit. While this made removal of solid waste easier, the seeping liquid waste often contaminated well water sources, creating public health problems. Municipal reforms required that cesspits be built of solid walls of stone and concrete. This kept liquid waste in the cesspit, forcing cesspits to be cleaned more frequently, on average two or three times per year. Liquid cesspit waste would be removed with pumps by cesspit cleaners, and then solid waste, valuable as fertilizer and for manufacturing ammonia, was removed. In 1846, French public hygienist Alphone Guérard estimated that 100 cesspits were cleaned in Paris every night, by total cesspit cleaners in the city, and out of a total of 30,000 cesspits. T he replacement of Paris' cesspit system was challenged for decades by officials not on public hygiene grounds, but on economic ones, based on the desire to conserve human waste as fertilizer rather than disposing of it in a modern sewer system. Paris' sewer system began modernizing in the 1880s, with the conversion of storm sewers for public sewage. Some cesspits were still in use in Paris into the 20th century.

HUMAN WASTE – ‘CESSPOOL’
…development of sewers (late 1800s)

CHOLERA, smallpox, typhoid, typhus & TUBERCULOSIS
…medicinal advancements (1880s) …Pasteur, Koch, Nightingale, Lister Disease accounted for many deaths in industrial cities during the Industrial Revolution. With a chronic lack of hygiene, little knowledge of sanitary care and no knowledge as to what caused diseases (let alone cure them), diseases such as cholera, typhoid and typhus could be devastating. As the cities became more populated, so the problem got worse. * CHOLERA was a greatly feared disease. Caused by contaminated water, it could spread with speed and with devastating consequences. Not for nothing did the disease get the nick-name “King Cholera.” Industrial Britain was hit by an outbreak of cholera in , , 1854 and The cause was simple – sewage was being allowed to come into contact with drinking water and contaminating it. As many people used river water as their source of drinking water, the disease spread with ease. An attack of cholera is sudden and painful – though not necessarily fatal. In London it is thought 7000 people died of the disease in the outbreak which represented a 50% death rate of those who caught it. 15,000 people died in London in the outbreak. The disease usually affected those in a city’s poorer areas, though the rich did not escape this disease. SMALLPOX made a major re-occurrence in industrial cities even after Edward Jenner’s vaccine … Very many in the industrial cities were ignorant of the fact that Jenner had developed a vaccine. As Britain continued on its road to a population mostly centered in cities and the agricultural regions became less populated, traditional old wives tales and developments linked to them (such as cowpox, milk maids, Jenner, etc.) became less well known. Also the overcrowded tenements of the cities were a perfect breeding ground for smallpox. TYPHOID and TYPHUS were as feared as cholera. Both were also fairly common in the Industrial Revolution. Typhoid was caused by infected water whereas typhus was carried by lice. Both were found in abundance in industrial cities. * The greatest killer in the cities was TUBERCULOSIS (TB). The disease caused a wasting of the body with the lungs being attacked. The lungs attempt to defend themselves by producing what are called tubercles. The disease causes these tubercles to become yellow and spongy and coughing fits causes them to be spat out by the sufferer. TB affected those who had been poorly fed and were under nourished. It also affected those who lived in dirty and damp homes. TB can be spread by a person breathing in the exhaled sputum of someone who already has the disease. In the overcrowded tenements of the industrial cities, one infected person could spread the disease very easily. Though accurate records are difficult to acquire, it is believed that TB killed one-third of all those who died in Britain between 1800 and 1850. * Microbes were only discovered in 1864 by Louis Pasteur. Until that time all manner of theories were put forward as to what caused diseases. A common belief – and one that dated back to Medieval England – was that disease was spread by bad smells and invisible poisonous clouds (miasmas). Industrial cities were certainly plagued by poor smells from sewage, industrial pollutants etc. The majority of deaths were in the industrial cities. Therefore, doctors concluded, the two went together: death and bad smells/gasses. Such beliefs caused serious problems. In Croydon, typhoid swept through the town in The local Board of Health went about looking for a smell that caused the disease but found nothing. In fact, sewage had seeped into the town’s water supplies and contaminated the water. It did not occur to the health officials that the water could be the cause of the disease as medical wisdom of the time dictated another cause. Even a great reformer like Edwin Chadwick was convinced that disease was carried in the atmosphere which had been poisoned by foul smells. In 1849, he persuaded the authorities in London to clean up the sewers in their districts. This, so Chadwick believed, would get rid of the bad smells and therefore disease. Each week an estimated 6000 cubic yards of filth was swept into the River Thames – London’s main source of water. Cholera was given a chance to spread and 30,000 Londoners got the disease in 1849 with 15,000 dying as a result.

New SOCIAL CLASSES EMERGE!
…social mobility …Social Darwinism 80% of society 1.) Banking, land-owners & professionals – “BOURGEOISIE” * * * 2.) Factory mgmt. & skilled workers – “middle class” 3.) Laborers & Farm workers – “Industrial working class”

CAPITALISM …Labor Unions, Socialism

ALCOHOLISM …Temperance Movement
It was in Tudor times that this all became a problem. Widespread inebriety was chronicled in Elizabethan England, where drunkenness first became a crime. Jacobean writers described drunkenness among all classes and in 1606 Parliament passed "The Act to Repress the Odious and Loathsome Sin of Drunkenness". The response of polite society was to pronounce wine as medicinal. Hops, which were primarily medicinal plants, had been added to beer some time before. Now all kinds of things were mixed with wine. Tobias Whitaker said in his 1638 book The Tree of Humane Life, or The Bloud of the Grape that wine could maintain "humane life from infancy to extreame old age without any sicknesse". People who regularly drank wine could be expected to be "faire, fresh, plumpe, and fat", rather than water or small beer drinkers, who "look like Apes". Cordials in which a gallon and half of white or rhenish wine, were mixed with the buds, husks or leaves of walnuts, rue, balm, mugwort, celandine, angelica, agrimony, pimpernel and snapdragons were thought to ward off "infectious air, plague and the pestilence". But wine could not withstand the onslaught of gin. The Navigation Act of 1651 dictated that European vessels were only allowed to import goods from their own nations into England. Since most ships in those days were Dutch this dealt a severe blow to the French wine trade. Gin was invented in Holland around 1650 by distilling grain with juniper berries. It was cheap and the supply was fed by laws in 1690 to encourage the distillation and sale of spirits to increase incomes of the landed aristocracy. It was around this time Scotland and Ireland were developing reputations for whiskies. What flooded the market was the spirit that led to the Gin Epidemic. When the law was passed gin production stood at a million gallons a year. Within seven years the English population, of less than seven million, was drinking an annual 18 million gallons. The epidemic lasted 30 years. "Drunk for one penny, dead drunk for two," the adverts said. Pharmacists sold it to women to "soothe the nerves"; it became known as Mother's Ruin. In 1736 Parliament tried passing a law taxing gin and prohibiting its sale in quantities of less than two gallons. There were riots, and production of gin continued to rise. Eventually gin consumption waned as beer became better and cheaper, and tea and coffee became available. But in the industrial revolution factories needed a reliable work force. Drunkenness became a threat to industrial efficiency. As towns grew rapidly around factories problems such as urban crime, poverty and high infant mortality increased. Gross overcrowding was the root cause but alcohol took a lot of the blame. Temperance groups sprang up to promote the moderate use but soon began to press for abstinence. The Methodist Church movement backed this. Huge numbers were prompted to "take the pledge". Alcohol was continuously debated in Parliament. ALCOHOLISM …Temperance Movement

Some historians call the temperance movement the Woman's Holy War
Some historians call the temperance movement the Woman's Holy War. How does this image reflect that nickname?

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE …Women’s Suffrage (Seneca Falls, 1848)

Early 1800s in Great Britain
factory system …working conditions were poor; child labor was prevalent; hours were long; wages were low. * * * Early 1800s in Great Britain 1 lb. of tea = 6 shillings Rent = 5 shillings/month 12-16 hour days (6 days/week) 30 minutes for lunch Low ceilings, high windows, poor lighting, locked doors “Effects of the Industrial Revolution” Working Conditions Living Conditions Urbanization Public Health and Life Expectancy Child Labor Working Class Families and the Role of Women The Emerging Middle Class Wealth and Income * * * The Industrial Revolution brought about a greater volume and variety of factory-produced goods and raised the standard of living for many people, particularly for the middle and upper classes. However, life for the poor and working classes continued to be filled with challenges… Wages for those who labored in factories were low and working conditions could be dangerous and monotonous. Unskilled workers had little job security and were easily replaceable. Children were part of the labor force and often worked long hours and were used for such highly hazardous tasks as cleaning the machinery. In the early 1860s, an estimated one-fifth of the workers in Britain’s textile industry were younger than 15. * * * Industrialization also meant that some craftspeople were replaced by machines. Additionally, urban, industrialized areas were unable to keep pace with the flow of arriving workers from the countryside, resulting in inadequate, overcrowded housing and polluted, unsanitary living conditions in which disease was rampant. Conditions for Britain’s working-class began to gradually improve by the later part of the 19th century, as the government instituted various labor reforms and workers gained the right to form trade unions. * * * Children working in the factories were given very little time to eat, usually half an hour for breakfast and lunch, so food needed to be quick to eat and nutritious. 'The hours of labour at that mill were from five in a morning till eight at night, with an interval for refreshments of thirty minutes at noon.' 'I have been in the mills at all hours and I have never in my life seen the machinery stopped at meal times in any of the mills…' The factory worker’s diet was high in carbohydrates which would give them the energy they would need for their long working hours. There were no supermarkets, fridges or freezers so people had to shop daily and from several different shops – the butchers, the greengrocers or grocers. One good thing – even before the days of Internet shopping food was often delivered to the door by travelling milkmen, grocers or pedlars. Common foods: Oatcakes, Porridge, Bread and soups, Mutton (cheaper meat from older sheep), Bacon, Potatoes, Gruel - a thin soup made from oats or potatoes mixed with milk and water - very cheap and filling (make your own gruel using our recipes sheet), Apples, pears and berries depending on the season, Beer – even for children, Tea (more expensive than beer, though) Less common foods: Water – it was polluted Tropical fruits – they weren’t available Milk and dairy products – expensive – but a shortage led to rickets (a disease that makes your bones soft)

CHILD/LABOR …labor reforms
A doffer is someone who removes ("doffs") bobbins, pins or spindles holding spun fiber… In the early 1800s, Parliament passed a series of laws, called "factory acts," to reform child labor practices. These early efforts were largely ignored. Then, in 1833, Michael Sadler headed up a committee to look into the conditions of child workers in the textile industry. The Sadler Report contained firsthand accounts of child labor practices and helped bring the harsh labor conditions to light. As a result, Parliament passed new regulations to ease working conditions for children. An 1833 law forbade the hiring of children under the age of nine and limited the working hours of older children in the textile industry. Over time, Parliament passed other laws to improve working conditions in both factories and mines and to limit the work day of both adults and children to 10 hours. It also enacted laws to require the education of children and to stop the hiring of children and women in mines. CHILD/LABOR …labor reforms

'Breaker boys' were young boys, usually between the ages of 8 and 12 years old, employed in breaking stage of coal mining, breaking mined coal into relatively uniform sized pieces by hand and separating out impurities such as rock, slate, sulphur, clay and soil. “BREAKER BOYS” broke mined coal into uniform sized pieces by hand & separating out impurities (rock, slate, sulphur, clay & soil).

https://www. youtube. com/watch
(“The Children Who Built Victorian Britain” parts 1, 2, 3)

FROM GREAT BRITAIN, PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS, 1842
Betty Harris (37): “I was married at 23, & went into a colliery when I was married. I used to weave when about 12 years old; can neither read nor write. I work for Andrew Knowles, of Little Bolton, & make sometimes 7s a week, sometimes not so much. I am a drawer, & work from 6 in the morning to 6 at night. Stop about an hour at noon to eat my dinner; have bread & butter for dinner; I get no drink. I have two children, but they are too young to work. I worked at drawing when I was in the family way. I know a woman who has gone home & washed herself, taken to her bed, delivered of a child, & gone to work again under the week. I have a belt round my waist, & a chain passing between my legs, & I go on my hands & feet. The road is very steep, & we have to hold by a rope; & when there is no rope, by anything we can catch hold of. There are six women & about six boys and girls in the pit I work in; it is very hard work for a woman. The pit is very wet where I work, & the water comes over our clog-tops always, and I have seen it up to my thighs; it rains in at the roof terribly. My clothes are wet through almost all day long. I never was ill in my life, but when I was lying in. My cousin looks after my children in the day time. I am very tired when I get home at night; I fall asleep sometimes before I get washed. I am not so strong as I was, & cannot stand my work so well as I used to. I have drawn till I have bathe skin off me; the belt & chain is worse when we are in the family way. My feller has beaten me many a times for not being ready. I were not used to it at first, & he had little patience. I have known many a man beat his drawer. I have known men take liberties with the drawers, & some of the women have bastards. A drawer is a person, usually a boy or young man who pushes tubs of coal from the coal face to the pit eye… Before 1842 woman did this type of work in some coalfields.

Men, women, and children worked side by side in many factories
Men, women, and children worked side by side in many factories. Conditions in cotton mills could be cramped, as this photograph inside a mill in Lancashire shows.

Coal miners in West Virginia prepare to work
Coal miners in West Virginia prepare to work. The boy in the center is a trapper, who opens and shuts ventilation shafts.

The infamous "phossy jaw" that created an epidemic of exposed bone osteonecrosis exclusively in the jaws began around 1858 and continued until 1906, with only a few cases appearing since that time. This epidemic of osteonecrosis produced pain, swelling, debilitation, and a reported mortality of 20% and was linked to "yellow phosphorous," the key ingredient in "strike-anywhere" matches. In match-making factories, workers called "mixers," "dippers," and "boxers" were exposed to heated fumes containing this compound. Related to the duration of exposure, many of these workers developed painful exposed bone in the mouth, whereas their office-based counterparts did not. The exposed bone and clinical course were eerily similar to what modern day oral and maxillofacial surgeons see due to bisphosphonates used to treat metastatic cancer deposits in bone or osteoporosis. Forensic evidence directly points to conversion of the yellow phosphorus in patients with "phossy jaw" to potent amino bisphosphonates by natural chemical reactions in the human body. Thus, the cause of phossy jaw in the late 1800s was actually bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaws, long before clever modern pharmaceutical chemists synthesized bisphosphonates. Today's bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis represents the second epidemic of "phossy jaw." Case closed.

Urbanization during the Industrial Revolution

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Urbanization during the Industrial Revolution

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