1. Gilded Age Part 2 Laborers Political Machines
Unions Haymarket Square Riot
Triangle Shirtwaist

2. Big Business: The Workers

3. Who were the Knights of Labor? Define this term on pg. 2.
Click on factory for sound effects

4. Knights of Labor Formed in 1869
Hoped to create a single national union by joining together skilled & unskilled workers
Demanded 8 hr workday, higher wages, & safety codes in factories
Opposed child labor
Wanted equal pay for women
Wanted restrictions on immigration (competitors for jobs)
Grew in 1880s but afterwards lost strikes, fell apart.

5. Laborers pg. 13 Jacob Riis “How the other half lives”
Jacob Riis= Riison (Reason)
To pay attention to Laborers!

6. The Laborers Worked between 6-7 days a week, approx. 12 hours per day
No vacations, sick leave, unemployment compensation, or workman’s comp
On average 675 labors killed per week at work
Wages
Children: $0.27 for 14 hours of work,
Women: $267 per yr,
Men: $498 per yr
Next year boxes for the laborers/ child labor in booklet

7. Child Labor (2min)

8. “Galley Labor”
Art Young, “Art Young, later a cartoonist for the Socialist magazine The Masses, lambasted the exploitation of child labor in this stark and powerful cartoon.”

9. How were the leading industrialists able to use Social Darwinism to justify their positions?
Social Darwinism was a leading philosophy during the mid 1800s.  It stated that only the strongest and the fittest would survive and flourish in society, while the weak and unfit should be allowed to die. Social Darwinists believed that the government should not interfere with social ills such as poverty.  Their "law of the jungle" attitude is used to justify their beliefs that humans, like plants and animals, should compete in a struggle to survive.
How would the immigrant and unskilled workers be able to improve their living conditions and working situations?
Workers will begin to organize into unions & begin to strike
Radical protests will be staged supporting socialism

10. Homestead Strike (4mins)
Carnegie Steel Strike
*Click for video*
Labor Unions Pg. 14 (Pg. 135 in text book)
Strikes
Reason for Strikes
Outcome of Strike
Great Railroad Strike
Recession of 1873 forced the company to cut wages.
Violence erupted when Pres. Hayes sent federal troops. 100 dead, $10 million in damages.
Haymarket Riot
1886 supporters wanted 8 hour work day.
Police intervene, bomb thrown, 170 killed (10 police) Union claimed radicals dominated the Union.
Homestead Strike (4mins)
Carnegie steel mill; worker’s wages cut 20%. Employees locked out.
Strikers resisted; dead & injured; Gov. of Pennsylvania sent militia to protect strikebreakers.
Pullman Strike
(2mins)
1894 Worker’s wages cut w/out lowering rent and prices in company town. President Cleveland sent in federal troops to keep mail running.
Federal court issued an injunction (to halt boycott) Held up by Supreme Court to deal w/ labor unrest.
Haymarket Square Riot
Next year boxes for AFL/ Knights of Labor/ Gompers
Add slide transition for table

11. How do you think the events will influence the labor movements of the Gilded Age?
Last Step!
Now by yourself- form a statement answering the question incorporating the essence of all 4 statements
Individual Response:
Analyze the Haymarket Square Riot Summary.
#2 Dialogue with another partner.
What did they have to say?
Alternate assignment using Haymarket Reading and TTQQ strategy.
#4 Dialogue with another partner.
What did they have to say?
#3 Dialogue with another partner.
What did they have to say?

12. “The machines are so wildly noisy in the shop
This poem, “The Sweatshop ,” was written by Morris Rosenfeld, a Russian-Polish immigrant who found work in the garment industry in New York City. A “sweat shop” was a workshop, like a small factory, often in a city. Rosenfeld wrote this poem about how he felt at work:
“The machines are so wildly noisy in the shop
That I often forget who I am.
I get lost in the frightful tumult—
My self is destroyed, I become a machine.
I work and work and work endlessly-
I create and create and create
Why? For whom? I don’t know and I don’t ask.
What business has a machine thinking?
Extra--- keep or chunk.
Use if have extra time.
How would you summarize Rosenfeld’s feelings about his work?
Suppose you were going to interview Morris Rosenfeld.
Prepare 2 questions that you would ask him.
What light does the poem shed on the experiences of American workers?

13. Knights of Labor pg. 135 Formed in 1869 Led by Terence Powderly
Opposed Strikes/ favored boycotts
Arbitration- 3rd party helps to reach an agreement
Demanded 8 hr workday, higher wages
safety codes in factories
Opposed child labor
Wanted equal pay for women
Wanted restrictions on immigration
Grew in 1880s but afterwards lost strikes, fell apart.

14. The American Federation of Labor: 1881
Hoped to create a powerful union by
uniting workers with similar economic interest (same jobs).
AFL= NFL
Professional Workers/ Professional Football Players!
Samuel Gompers
6 mins

15. How the AF of L Would Help the Workers
Catered to the skilled worker.
Represented workers in matters of national legislation.
Maintained a national strike fund.
Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.
Mediated disputes between management and labor.
Pushed for closed shops ( places where only union members could be hired)
Weakened by exclusion of unskilled workers, who made majority of workforce.

16. Govt. Attitude Toward Unions
Govt. leaders feared the disruptive effect of strikes on economy.
Sherman Anti- Trust Act (1890) Court ruled unions were illegal because they restrained trade.
Where else did we see this Anti-Trust Act put in place to regulate business?

17. Pg. 16 Rise of Labor Unions Last Step!
Now by yourself- form a statement about labor unions in the 1800s-1900s.
Reasons why some labor unions were needed during 1800s-1900s
#2 How did businesses show their opposition to labor unions?
#4 How did women become involved in the unions?
#3 What were some leading labor unions of the time period?

19. Political Machines 1min

20. Political Machines- led by political “bosses”
City government run by corrupt “machines”
Machines provided jobs / services to immigrants and poor in exchange for VOTES.
Controlled elected officials in local govt.
Used control to make illegal profits on city contracts by collecting bribes.
Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall, NYC (9mins)
Controlled city workers and influenced city run services (hospitals & school)
Sometimes were useful in that they helped immigrants find houses and get job.
Helped immigrants become “naturalized” admit (a foreigner) to the citizenship of a country.

21. Structure of Political Machines
Base: Precinct workers- gain local voters support; usually 1st or 2nd generation immigrants
Middle: Ward boss- secured the vote in the precinct thru favors & services
Top: City Boss- controlled city’s activities; not always mayor

22. Boss Tweed & Tammany Hall
William “Boss” Tweed- head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s political machine
Political machines would assist with solving urban problems & naturalization of immigrants
On the negative side political machines were corrupt, relied on bribery & fraud

24. City Corruption
William Nast- political cartoons brought Tweed Ring down
Illustrations showed corruption & graft (illegal use of public money)
Patronage- giving government jobs to people who assisted in getting candidate elected
Civil service- government administration jobs
Number of presidents passing issue of patronage reform off onto next office holder
Why would Political Machines be so bothered about these cartoons?

25. Civil Service Reform
Following Pres. Garfield’s assassination in 1881 issue of civil service needed to be addressed
Pendleton Civil Service Act- ended patronage & required applicants to take an exam in order to qualify for a gov’t job

26. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
5:44
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

27. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
Building has a video- better of the two
Far right has a video
Click for Video 9mins
Click for Video 7 mins
Story of US. 6 mins

28. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Asch Building, 8th and 10th Floors

30. Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

31. Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

32. Inside the Building After the Fire

33. Most Doors Were Locked

35. Crumpled Fire Escape, 26 Died

36. 10th Floor After the Fire

37. Relatives Review Bodies 145 Dead

38. Labor Unions March as Mourners
Click her to see headlines from
March 26th 1911

39. Learning Targets: I Can . . .
Summarize the dangers of industrialized working conditions near the turn of the century & explain the impact these conditions had on the fight for labor rights.
Pick one word that you would use to
describe these images.
Describe the working conditions.
What emotions do these pictures
elicit or arouse in you?
Circle the factor you think was
most responsible for the huge
loss of life during this fire?
_______________________
*Mangers locking doors
*Inadequate fire escapes
*Filthy factory conditions
*Fire Dept. ladders/hoses
couldn’t reach fire
*Other
Explain your choice!
Based on your observations, list three
things you can infer about life as a
factory worker: 1. 2. 3.
Triangle Shirtwaist
Fire
How can we use this with Janet’s reading???

40. Last Step!
Now by yourself- form a statement answering the question incorporating the essence of all 4 statements
Individual Response:
#2 Dialogue with another partner.
What did they have to say?
#3 Dialogue with another partner.
#4 Dialogue with another partner.
How do you think the events of the fire will influence changes in working conditions during the 20th century ?
Alternate assignment using Haymarket Reading and TTQQ strategy.
Janet look at this for Thurday---TTQQ strategy

41. Perspective Writing Eyewitness at the Triangle
Imagine you have witnessed this horrific event first hand. Use the reading (and to a lesser extent the video from class) to explain what is going through your mind! The questions below should serve as a guide when completing your perspective writing. Please do not allow the questions below to limit your response. Again, they are simple a guide to get you thinking.
• How do you feel about the events that have just unfolded before your eyes?
• Does anything really standout in your mind? If so what?
• What do you think should be done to make sure an event like this never happens again?
• Who do you think should be held accountable for this tragic event?
Use or loose?