1. membrane protein expression Proteins are the building blocks of all living organisms and play crucial roles in biological processes. To investigate how a particular protein modulates biological processes, many aspects of the protein such as structure, modification, localization, interaction, and function needs to be studied. A considerable number of proteins, especially membrane proteins, are screened in drug discovery as biological targets or as potential drugs themselves. Most of these proteins are produced using cell-based or cell-free expression systems, which typically includes the transcription of recombinant DNA into mRNA that is further translated into the protein under study.

2. Creative Biostructure uses both cell-based and cell-free systems to provide customized membrane protein expression services to customers in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as research institutions.

3. Cell-based membrane protein expression Traditional techniques for recombinant protein expression involve transfecting cells with gene of interest and then culturing cells for transcription and translation of the target protein. This process uses living cells for protein expression, and therefore is termed cell-based membrane protein expression. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein expression systems are widely used. Bacterial system has the advantage of high yield, which is necessary for X-ray crystallography or NMR experiments for structure determination. However, bacteria are not equipped with the full machinery to finish the required post- translational modification or proper folding, which leads to insoluble or non- functional proteins. Thus, multiple eukaryotic cells, such as yeast, insect, plants, and mammalian cells, are developed to facilitate the expression of fully functional proteins.

4. Cell-free membrane protein expression In-vitro protein synthesis or cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS), are the approaches for protein production without living cells, but with cell extracts containing necessary molecular machinery. General cell extracts in use today are made from E. coli, wheat germ extracts, rabbit reticulocyte lysate, or insects cell lysate. With addition of template encoding the target protein, cell-free protein production can be accomplished.