4. ACID BASE BALANCE Too many H + make more acid. The body works with a very narrow range. Small pH changes alter biological process Hydrogen is the first one to respond, to keep the pH in balance and to neutralize the H + Renal system is slow but dependable. It controls bicarbonates to neutralize it Most diseases can cause an imbalance. An imbalance can cause more problems than the disease itself. If buffer cant handle it, then respiratory system steps in to control CO 2.

7. BUFFER React very rapidly within seconds.

8. Types of Buffer An acidic buffer is a combination of weak acid and its salt within a strong base.(CONJUGATE BASE) EG. CH 3 COOH/CH 3 COONa H 2 CO 3 /NaHCO 3 An acidic buffer is a combination of weak acid and its salt within a strong base.(CONJUGATE BASE) EG. CH 3 COOH/CH 3 COONa H 2 CO 3 /NaHCO 3 A basic buffer is the combination of weak base and its salt with a strong acid.(conjugate acid) EG. NH 4 OH/NH 4 Cl NH 3 /NH 4 Cl A basic buffer is the combination of weak base and its salt with a strong acid.(conjugate acid) EG. NH 4 OH/NH 4 Cl NH 3 /NH 4 Cl

9. HEMOGLOBIN BUFFER Hemoglobin buffer in RBC plays an important role in respiratory regulation of pH. It helps in transport of metabolically produced CO 2 from cell to lungs for excretion. As hemoglobin releases O 2 it gains a great affinity for H +. Hemoglobin buffers both respiratory and metabolic acids.

11. PULMONARY REGULATION Co 2 concentration is finally regulated by changes in tidal volume and respiratory rate(minute ventilation). In contrast to chemical buffering which is immediate, pulmonary regulation occurs over minutes to hours. It is about 50 – 75 % effective and does not completely normalize pH.

12. Renal Regulation

15. Types of Acid Base Disorder ACIDOSIS The blood has too much acid(base), resulting in a decrease in blood pH. I.Metabolic acidosis. II.Respiratory acidosis. ALKALOSIS the blood has too much base (acid), resulting in an increase in blood pH. I.Metabolic alkalosis. II.Respiratory alkalosis.

16. Decrease In minute ventilation. PCO 2 >40mmHg Hypoventilation. Increased acid production. Acid ingestion. Decreased renal acid excretion.

18. Increase in minute ventilation. PCO 2 <40mmHg. Hyperventilation. Acid loss. HCO 3 - retention. Acid amount decreases, base amount increases.

20. Reference : YOUTUBE. SLIDESHARE. TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY ENCYCLOPEDIA.

21. Completed by: Rashika Jain Sonakshi Singh