1. Unit III Linkage Institutions
POLITICAL PARTIES

2. Role of Linkage institutions HOMEWORK
Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Evaluate the functions and impacts political parties have on the democratic process of our government
AGENDA
Complete Unit II Test
Linkage to the Party
Role of Linkage institutions
HOMEWORK
Read pages construct a model of how political parties organize to act as a linkage institution

3. Essential Question
How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?

4. Factionalism
“Liberty is to faction, what air is to fire, an ailment without which it instantly expires. But it could not be a less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency.”
- James Madison, Federalist 10
How do political parties represent exactly what James Madison would happen in the United States?

5. The Unelected Connector
The United States political system is influenced by a variety of unelected groups that focused on checking government’s power
Linkage Institutions: unelected groups that connect the people to government (promoted by the 1st Amendment)
Political Parties
Elections
Mass Media
Interest Groups
Dangerous interloper of the unelected
Trusted advocate of the people or

6. Political Parties
Advocates of multiple public policies that worked to get their ideas in government through elections.
Two Party System - Founding Fathers were against their use, yet today they are main stay
Convenient way to promote
public policy

7. Promotion of Republicanism
How effective are political parties at acting as a linkage institution and helping promoting republicanism?
Select candidates
Run campaigns
Cue the electorate (party identification)
Articulate policy (Rep. = Conservative
& Dem. = Liberal)
Coordinate policy makers
Construct an argument summary as to whether we should to continue to use political parties in our modern democracy

8. Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Evaluate the functions and impacts political parties have on the democratic process of our government
AGENDA
Organizing functional party
Two Party System Performance Evaluation
HOMEWORK
Read “Is the Two-Party System the Best for America” by Hrafnkell Haraldsson Online AP Gov link

9. Political Party Structure
Explain ONE major factor that empowers political parties in our Constitutional democracy
Explain TWO ways that political party structured to connect the people to government and carry out its major function

10. Political Party Structure
The American political party structure is designed to carry out multiple task at the same time. Use the following task and explain how the different levels help carry out the task.
Recruit candidates
Carry the people’s message (The Grassroots Movement)
Fundraising
Nominate candidates
Unify the electorate
Provide loyal opposition
Help organize government

11. Decentralized Structure
Issues:
Federalism: election laws on campaigning and finance
Inter party competition: primary elections (who goes first)
Ideological splits (factionalism)
National Committee head by a Chairperson: fundraising, national convention, party platform, and recruit candidates
State Committees: (1 per state):
Select national committee rep.
Support state and national candidates
Local Committee: Precinct Captain
Canvass voters
Get out to vote to promote candidates

12. All Politics is Local
Local level motivates the grassroots (the people) – canvassing, voting, campaigning, & public policy issues
Leadership: precinct captains
Issue: Political Machine – controls voting
and take advantage of patronage
Protections (Progressive Reforms)
Voter registration
Australian Ballot
Poll watchers
Primary system

13. Factors to Consider
Relevance: National Committee recruits candidates to run for the President, but who actually decides who wins the nomination? How do we as voters recognize candidates? (by their Party affiliation or by their name?)
Who funds these campaigns?
How effectively can candidates work without the party organization?
How polarized are the leaders of the political party?
Which democratic think theory is at work?

14. Unit II Test – Friday, Nov. 4
Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Evaluate the functions and impacts political parties have on the democratic process of our government
AGENDA
Functionality FRQ
The Two-Party System Analysis
Carrying out the Constitutional principle of populism
HOMEWORK
Read pages , evaluate how the structure of political parties & the two party system carry out the functions of the political party
Unit II Test – Friday, Nov. 4

15. Let’s Get This Party Started
Directions: identify how political parties play a role in American democracy
1. Republicans holding a voter registration drive
2. Democrats hosting the National Convention in Charlotte, NC during the 2012 election cycle
3. Republicans in the House of Representatives voting against Obamacare
4. Democrats pointing out how President George W. Bush got us into an endless war in Iraq and Afghanistan
5. Republicans and Democrats in Congress meeting with New York and New Jersey to evaluate what type of federal assistance was needed after Hurricane Sandy
6. A committee hearing held by the Senate Foreign Intelligence Committee over the ISIS Crisis chaired by the Democratic Party
7. Campaign fundraiser event host by the Republican National Committee (RNC)

16. Development of the Political Party
Farewell Address Washington warn against the use of political parties
Federalist & Democrat-Republicans used the originated the party to articulate policy (argument over debt finance plan)
Critical Elections transformed the two party system
Election of 1800 (death of the Federalist Party)
Election of 1824 (Rise of the Democrats)
Election of 1860 (Rise of the Republicans)

17. Figure 1: The Three Components of Political Parties
Fig. 7-1, p. 184

18. The Science of Voting Rational Choice Theory
Explains political choices and outcomes as consequence of purposive behavior
Voters want to maximize their voice in government & parties want win votes
Parties filter political views of the people and reinforces popular ideas

19. Three Themes of political parties
Theme 1: The party and the electorate – party identification
Theme 2: Party as an organization – decentralized structure (national, state, & local)
Theme 3: Political parties in government - (delegate v. trustee role) carryout ideology of the party and watchdog role

20. Is the political party DEAD????
Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Evaluate the functions and impacts political parties have on the democratic process of our government
Decipher why have political parties changed and adapted
AGENDA
Cri2016 Going CRITICAL
Critical Factionalism in American politics
Two Party Performance Review
HOMEWORK
Is the political party DEAD????

21. 2016 Going Critical
Evaluate whether the election of 2016 was a critical election. Use at least two guidelines of realigning elections to demonstrate your conclusion.

22. Realigning or Critical Elections
Critical Elections: the breaking down of political parties or political coalitions and the formation of a new ones.
Factors:
Usually centers around a crisis
Either a political party dies and is replaced or new political coalition is formed
Higher voter turnout (can be connected to suffrage expansion)
Leads to a long maintaining of political party

23. 1800 Elections Crisis: Quasi War with France and Alien & Sedition Act
Rise of the Democrat/Republicans and the fall of the Federalist Party

24. Election 1824
Crisis: the corrupt bargain of 1820 which caused Andrew Jackson to lose the Presidency in a runoff election in the House of Representatives
Democrats become the major party in power
Removed the property requirement for voting
Fall of Democrat/Republicans

25. 1860 Election Crisis: sectionalism and the country on the verge of war
Republican party replace the Whig party
Will expand suffrage through the 15th Amendment in 1866

26. 1896 Election
Crisis: Industrial Revolution vs. Agrarian and Gold bugs v. Silverites
Reinforces Republican majority as they align themselves with industrialist and the Gold Standard
Starting in the 1900’s a section of the Republicans pushed progressive reforms which expands the power of the people in politics – 17th Amendment, Primary systems, Pendleton Act

27. 1932 Election Crisis: Great Depression
Rise of the Democrats and the fall of the Republicans
Expansion in suffrage: women (coalition change – African Americans, laborers vote Democrat)
Republicans had been pushing laissez faire economics and democrats push Keynesian economics
Government takes on a large role in the economy

28. To Realign or Not 1968 and 1972 failed realignment
Southerners switch to the Republicans party (regional shift)

29. A Critical Election in 2000?
2000 Election – Republicans regain the White House in a heavily contested election, but only had a slim majority in the House and a equally divided Senate. The electorate supporters in each party did not switch either
2002 Election
Republicans did gain control of Congress, but Democrats gained in gubernatorial elections

30. A Critical Election in 2000?
Evaluate were the election of 2000 was a realigning election

31. US Election 2016 Review Journal
Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Evaluate the functions and impacts political parties have on the democratic process of our government
Decipher how elections in the United States maintain the Constitution principle of populism and the Madisonian Model
AGENDA
Electoral College Map
Decipher where American politics sits
The voice of the American people or the failure of politicians
HOMEWORK
US Election 2016 Review Journal
Read The Two Party System & Pandering and Other Sins

32. Election Night 2016

33. Factional Linkage Institutions Campaign Poster Read pages 254-260
Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Evaluate the functions and impacts political parties have on the democratic process of our government
AGENDA
Johnny Q’s opinion on the two party system
A comparison of political party systems
Perpetuation of the two party system
HOMEWORK
Factional Linkage Institutions Campaign Poster
Read pages

34. To be or Not to be a 2-Party
Keeping the two party system
Analyze the public opinion poll about the need of the for a third party
Determine the pros and cons of having only a two party system of representation based on your reading last night.

35. Duverger’s Law
Duverger’s Law is a principle which states that if a country uses a plurality system, the candidate that has the most votes wins, it will use a two party system. But if a country uses proportional representation, assigning seats to parties based on the number of votes received, it will use a multi-party system.
How does this principle negatively effect the United States political process?

36. American v. European Party System
American Political Party
European Parliamentary System
no joiner fees
Only have to claim to be a member, but you can vote against your party
Party leaders can disagree on public policy
Party registration can easily be changed
Head of the party not a part of government
Candidate centered
Require membership dues and registration cards
Party members vote for their party not candidates
Party members support the same ideas about public policy
Head of the party serves in legislative branch

37. Political Party Structure US v. Europe
US Two Party System
European Multi-party
Party is decentralized
Candidate centered
Members declare and don’t have loyalty
Campaigning and fund raising is highly regulated
Separation of powers between legislative and executive
Plurality system
Voters choose nominees
Party is highly centralized
Party centered
Members pay dues and are loyal to the party
Party sets the agenda and elected members vote the party line
Proportional system of representation
Party chooses the nominees

38. Systems 1-Party 2-Party System Multi-party Advantages Disadvantages
Democratic
Stability

39. Systems 1-Party 2-Party System Multi-party Advantages
Efficiency in making decisions
No challengers
Choice
Provides alternatives
No extreme views
Only need a plurality (winner-take-all system)
Lots of choice
Proportional system of representation
Disadvantages
No choice
Only a few are actual party members
You must be a member to be in government
No voice
No minority voice
Hard to win a majority (coalitions)
Democratic
NOT
Mostly
Highly
Stability
Totalitarian
Highly stable
Unstable – lots of elections

40. Directions: Read the following statements and determine whether they are Republican, Democrat, or Third Party
1. They are willing to raise taxes so that the government can provide needed services such as education and defense. _________________
2. This party supports the expansion of business without government assistance or interference. 3. This party calls for the reduction of big government and cutting the budgets of those agencies that have grown too powerful.
4. This party controlled the presidency from the time of the Civil War until after the Stock Market crash, which signaled the start of the Great Depression. (Republican)
5. This party expanded the role of the federal government in the lives of ordinary people and in the economy when programs were created to fight unemployment and bad business practices during the 1930s. _________________
6. This party's presidents were associated with every major military conflict of the 20th century. _________________
7. This party called for respect for the environment, restrictions on big business and its ability to pollute, and a restructuring of the economy to preserve natural resources. _________________
8. Theodore Roosevelt formed this party to enter the 1912 presidential race since the nomination went to President Howard Taft. It was based on controlling the trusts and monopolies that had grown up as a result of the Industrial Revolution. _________________
9. This party supports restrictions on large insurance companies and health management organizations so that the poor and middle class Americans receive adequate health care. _________________
10. This party offered an alternate choice during the 1992 election when Ross Perot mounted a campaign against Bill Clinton and George Bush that gained 20 million popular votes but no electoral votes.

41. Critical Factionalism due Thursday
Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Evaluate the functions and impacts political parties have on the democratic process of our government
Decipher how elections in the United States maintain the Constitution principle of populism and the Madisonian Model
AGENDA
Dealigning in American Politics
A decaying political body
A responsible party
HOMEWORK
Critical Factionalism due Thursday

42. Trend in Politics Party De-alignment
Describe the trend the graph depicts.
Explain why the trends selected in part one exist in today’s political landscape?

43. Party Identification Current trends
Democrats still outnumber Republicans, but this margin has been decreasing since 1964
More and more people are declaring themselves Independent (39% in 2004)
Only 30% of independents are true members

44. Political Party identification

45. Dealignment
The growth of the Independent is having a dealignment effect on political party
Party identification shrinking
(people & politicians disengaging)
60% of voters identify as one
party or the other
Growth of divided government
(split ticketing = only 10.3% of
the time has government not be
divided)

46. Political Parties Quiz Wednesday, Nov. 15
Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Evaluate the functions and impacts political parties have on the democratic process of our government
Decipher how elections in the United States maintain the Constitution principle of populism and the Madisonian Model
AGENDA
Leaning towards a Candidate
The Political Core
A responsible party
HOMEWORK
Read pages Outline the process for winning the party nomination (Note important differences between Dems & Reps)
Political Parties Quiz Wednesday, Nov. 15

47. Leaning to the Candidate
Identify and explain two factors leaning American politics towards a candidate centered politics
You will come to me America!!!

48. Political Core YOU WILL HELP ME DRAIN THE SWAMP!!!
Political Party Identification: Candidate Centered – with the rise of gridlock politics in Washington and more American voters de-aligning from the political parties voters are becoming more enamored by the candidates. This can be seen by the rise in split ticket voting on election day
YOU WILL HELP ME DRAIN THE SWAMP!!!

50. Responsible Party Model: American Political Party Ethics
Responsible Politics
Responsible Party Model: American Political Party Ethics
Parties must present distinct, comprehensive program for governing the national
Candidates have to commit to the program & have the discipline to carry out
Majority party must implements its
programs and minor party will
play the watchdog role
Majority party must accept criticism for its action

51. Third Wheel
Why have Americans sought third parties as a natural alternative despite their poor chances of winning elected office?

53. The Third Wheel Losers:
Factors that LIMIT participation
Too EXTREME for moderate America
Electoral Laws
petition to get on the ballot
Matching funds – must have 5% of popular vote in a prior election
Winner-take-all system (pluralism)
Not newsworthy
Throw away vote

54. Types of third parties
Single issues: parties that focus on one issue (prohibitionist)
Ideological party: push extreme views (socialist or libertarian)
Splinter or Spoiler party: pulls votes away from one of the two major parties (Bull-moose party or Dixiecrats)
Single candidates: party surrounds a particular candidate (Ross Perot – fiscal financial responsibility)

55. Promoting the Two Party System
Many have argued that the United States should become a multi-party system.
Explain two electoral rules that inhibit the United States in becoming a multi-party system.
Explain ONE reasons that Americans don’t support third parties in the United States elections

56. Identify the Third Party
We support Ross Perot – He wants stop American deficit spending
Ban alcohol – Alcohol is destroying America
America needs less government in our lives – No government regulation of education, abortion, drugs, or corporations
Why have these parties failed to be elected, especially when running for president?

57. Political Party Structure
Highly decentralized – each level operates independently of the other levels.
This has weakened party influence on voters
- The Party no longer chooses nominees (Primary and Caucus system)
Open primary – voters can either choose Republican or Democratic nominee
Closed Primary – only register voters who are party members
Blank primaries – voters can choose from a list of candidates from any party

58. 2 truths and a Lie
1. Third parties are a major factor in the United States
2. Primary elections have weakened political parties
3. Multiparty systems use a winner take all system for elections
election was a critical election
5. Dealignment has had no impact on voting
6. In Europe the a candidate is more important than the party
7. Local party organizations builds the grassroots support for the party
8. The one party system is the most efficient, but lacks choice in candidates
9. Political machines supported party loyalty and voter fraud
10. Political parties are inhibited by the Constitution of the United States

60. Elimination of the Machine
Why do political machines have a negative appeal on American politics?
How have their avenues to power been eliminated?

61. Political Machines Tactics to hold office
- Spoil system (patronage) give government jobs to campaign supporters
- Pay people to vote
The Progressive Party reform the election process weakening the ability of Political Machines to maintain control
- Merit system
- Primary system
- Australian Ballot

62. Other Grassroots Organization
Solidary Party - Most common form of party organization (its fun to be involved in politics)
Members motivated by solidary incentives (like the social aspect or the fun of campaigning)
Advantage: neither corrupt nor inflexible
Disadvantage: not very hard working
Sponsor party:
Basically it starts up with
out a lot of money and the
organization already exists
Created or sustained by another organization
Example: Detroit Democrats controlled by UAW

63. Study for Political Party Quiz
Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Decipher how elections in the United States maintain the Constitution principle of populism and the Madisonian Model.
Disseminate the level of democratic empowerment of elections in carrying out populism in the United States
Agenda
Big Mo
Super Tuesday Battle
Garnering the nomination
Homework
Study for Political Party Quiz

64. The Power of the “Big Mo”
How do early victories in the first two nomination elections shape the selection of the president of the United States?

65. I want to be POTUS
Step 1: Form an exploratory committee & build public interest
Step 2: Formally announce your candidacy
Step 3: Nominating elections

66. Nomination Elections
Progressive reforms empowered the people to select the presidential candidate (primary system, Australian ballot)
Goal collect delegates to the convention (1144 winner-take-all system for Republicans & 2118 proportional system for the Democrats)
Nominating elections (states choose process)
Open primaries
Closed primaries
Blanket primaries
Caucuses

67. Nomination Process
How democratic is the process of selecting the nominees for president by today’s standards
Highlight reforms that have been made to the nomination process
Evaluate its strengths and weaknesses

68. Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Decipher how elections in the United States maintain the Constitution principle of populism and the Madisonian Model.
Disseminate the level of democratic empowerment of elections in carrying out populism in the United States
Agenda
Political Parties Review
Political Parties Assessment
Is the system rigged
Homework
Super Tuesday Battle Prep

70. Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Decipher how elections in the United States maintain the Constitution principle of populism and the Madisonian Model.
Disseminate the level of democratic empowerment of elections in carrying out populism in the United States
Agenda
Rigged nomination process
Campaigning for elected office
Super Tuesday Battle
Homework
Super Tuesday Battle Prep
Read the Creepiness Effect of Campaigning

71. Evaluating the Primary System
The nomination process is rigged. It only supports the establishment candidates
Evaluate the nomination process to determine whether the process is rigged.
Winning the BIG MO
Frontloading
Horse Race Journalism
Party rules for assigning delegates to the National Convention
National Convention does not matter

72. Nomination Process Building the Big Mo
Super Tuesday – Up to 52% of the delegates are up for grab

73. Factors of Victory
How has campaigning transformed in our current political landscape?

74. Winning a Presidential Victory
Modern campaigning has adapted to a variety of need factors increase cost of campaigning and candidate centered politics
Power of Media – publicized debates, photo-ops, sound bites, & horse race journalism
Staff: hirer professional campaigners, lawyers, pollsters, and media advisors (political consultants)
Money: PACS, Super PACs, internet donating

75. General vs. Nominating Nominating Election General Election
Focus on those who identify with the party and its values
Media has heavy influence in outcome (horse race journalism)
Winning the Big Mo.
Requires campaigning in every state
Deals with a lower voter turnout
Winning delegates to the National Convention
Focuses on moderate America
Has a higher voter turnout
Campaign efforts focus on swing states
Attacks ads (mudslinging)
Winner-take-all system

76. Elected Position Campaigns
Congressional Elections
Presidential Elections
Very on sided (incumbency advantage)
Fewer people vote in midterm elections
Taking Credit (pork-barreling)
Can blame the politics of Washington (duck responsibility)
Presidential Coattail effect
More competitive (winner rarely gets more than 55% of the vote)
More voters
Greater media coverage

77. Purpose of the Nation Convention
Set tone for the campaign
Adopt the party platform
- Views on the issues
- Allows for different groups to have say in the Presidency
Nomination of “the ticket” the candidates for President and Vice President
- Delegates cast votes
- Some deal making

78. McGovern Fraser Commission
After rioting broke out at the 1968 Democrat convention the McGovern-Fraser Commission was formed to deal with diversity in the Democratic Party
Changes:
1. Delegate selection process done openly
Effect – primary elections were used to select delegates and the Democratic Party became fractionalized

79. Super delegates
Democrats became concerned with lack of a role for party leaders at their convention
1984: 15% of the delegate slots were set aside for public officeholders and party officials
Meant as a peer review to ensure participation by people most familiar with the candidates

80. Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Decipher how elections in the United States maintain the Constitution principle of populism and the Madisonian Model.
Disseminate the level of democratic empowerment of elections in carrying out populism in the United States
Agenda
Micro-targeting – precision campaigning or electioneer profiteering
Political consultant report
Ideal voter
Homework
Midterm Rap Sheet 2018 presentation
The pros & cons of the Electoral College
Unit III Part A Test on Wednesday, 12/6

81. Micro-targeting
Evaluate whether micro-targeting is precision campaigning or electioneer profiting.
Latest Campaign Adaption - Microtargeting: using demographics and consumer data to identify like minded people and influence their thoughts or actions
Brought to you by the Republican Party – Don’t forget to support your conservative agenda

82. Microtargeting Voters
How will do you know your voting bases??????
Microtargeting Assignment
Break down the habits of assign voting group through microtargeting
Design a microtargeting road map to assist your classmates in understanding which constituency will be and won’t be relevant in the Midterm Election of 2018

83. Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Decipher how elections in the United States maintain the Constitution principle of populism and the Madisonian Model.
Disseminate the level of democratic empowerment of elections in carrying out populism in the United States
Agenda
Debating the nomination process
Bling, Bling speech
Do-nation democracy
Homework
Finish Bling, Bling Speech
Complete a comparison of the 2012 election cycle to the 2016

84. Do-Nation Democracy
Money is the life’s blood of any campaign (new way for political participation)
Issue: promoting free speech vs. protecting the integrity of elections
Who is behind the money and what do they want in return?

85. Election Reform Act of 1974
Created the Federal Elections Commission to over see elections
- Full disclosure of campaign contributions
- Establish limits on campaign contributions given to the candidate (Hard Money) Prevents contributions from foreign interests and limits the amount that can be donated to a candidate per election cycle ($2000 per candidate)
- Established federal elections matching funds
Impact: formation of Political Action Committees (PACS) to allow interest groups to do electioneering
Buckley v. Valeo: upheld hard money contribution limits to protect the integrity of elections and established the magic word test (limits on interest groups and issue advocacy ads)

86. Bipartisan Campaign Act of 2002
McCain-Feingold Law
Banned soft money donations to national party
Limits campaign ads by interest groups
Upheld by McConnell v. FEC – protection of the integrity of elections

87. Money Changes Everything
Explain the difference between Hard Money and Soft Money in political campaign finance.
What is one factor that makes it difficult too campaign contributions?

88. Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Decipher how elections in the United States maintain the Constitution principle of populism and the Madisonian Model.
Disseminate the level of democratic empowerment of elections in carrying out populism in the United States
Agenda
Limiting Political Speech????
Citizens United v. FEC
Summary of the decision
Homework
Evaluating Campaign Finance Reform
Political Performance Review

89. Money Adapts like Water
Congressional legislation has led to new forms of electioneering
Interest groups on the rise
Bundling & independent expenditures
Creation of PACs & Super PACs (527s) (little to no regulation)

90. Bling Bling Speech Analyze your bling bling chart
What trends can you identify?
Explain those trends with information you have learned from the current and past units
Summarize what the information illustrates.

91. Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Decipher how elections in the United States maintain the Constitution principle of populism and the Madisonian Model.
Disseminate the level of democratic empowerment of elections in carrying out populism in the United States
Agenda
Hillary, the Movie
Evaluation of the Campaign Finance Reform
Bling, Bling Speech
Homework
Free speech or Regulation – You decide

92. Citizens United v. FEC
Question before the Court: The issues on appeal were whether, as applied to Hillary, (1) § 441b's prohibition on corporate independent election expenditures was constitutional and (2) BCRA's disclaimer, disclosure, and reporting requirements were constitutional.

93. The Cost of Winning

94. New tactics http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/2008/church
Issue advocacy: do not support a particular candidate, but rather focus on a particular issue “Hillary the Movie”
Buckley v. Valeo – magic word test - Eight words "vote for," "elect," "support," "cast your ballot for," "Smith for Congress," "vote against," "defeat," and "reject."

95. Super PACS since Citizens United
1. Summarize the case and the issues dealing with campaign finance before the Supreme Court.
2. Write your own opinion in whether Citizen United deserves First Amendment protection or does the limitation protect the integrity of elections.

96. Other tactics
Independent expenditure: a political campaign communication which expressly advocates the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate that is not made in cooperation, consultation or concert with or at the request or suggestion of a candidate, candidate’s authorized committee or a political party.

97. Last Tactics
Bundling: round up contributions from friends to get around Bi-partisan Campaign Act limitation
- Combine contributions as a group of friends

98. Citizens United
Citizens United sought an injunction against the Federal Election Commission in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to prevent the application of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) to its film Hillary: The Movie. (independent expenditures)
Argued that BCRA violated the First Amendment as it applied to the Movie
Supreme Court ruled by a 5-to-4 vote, the majority held that under the First Amendment corporate funding of independent political broadcasts in candidate elections cannot be limited.
This reopened avenues for PAC spending and independent expenditures

99. Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Decipher how elections in the United States maintain the Constitution principle of populism and the Madisonian Model.
Disseminate the level of democratic empowerment of elections in carrying out populism in the United States
Agenda
Who’s the Boss
Reading the voting tea leaves
The power of populism
Homework
Read pages Campaign strategy

100. Evaluating the candidates
Delegate of the people:
Trustee of the people:
a member of Congress is elected to represent the interest of their constituents and votes as they wish
Actions
Pork barreling
Single minded election seekers
Difficult to represent all the interest of constituents, especially when they don’t know what they want
a member of Congress must balance local interest with those of the nation and therefore acts in a manner that he/she thinks best
Actions
Federalist 10 argues for this
Supports the party policies
Can cause a disconnect with constituency
Cause of gridlock and partisan politics

101. Factors of Voter Turnout

102. Factors that determine voting
3 major factors: candidates, party identification, and policy
Elections serve two purposes:
A. selection of policy makers
B. allow the people to shape policy

103. The Voice of a Vote Reading the voting tea leaves
Mandate theory: the vote has empower the politician to act on his/her political platform
Prospective voting: supporting the candidates potential
Retrospective voting: what have you done for me lately
Clothes pin vote: voting for the lesser of two evils
“The American people have given me political capital of which I intend to spend” President Bush 2004 Election

104. The Pendulum of Populism
1. Why should the electorate actually participate in voting? (3 reasons)
2. What factors actually weaken voter turnout?
Voting

105. Voter Test
Explain how each of the following factors may affect voter turnout.
Motor Voter Law
Photo identification laws
Identify the effect of one of the following amendments on the electorate.
Fifteenth Amendment
Nineteenth Amendment
Twenty sixth Amendment

106. Candidates Democrats Republicans Hillary Clinton Joe Biden
Elizabeth Warren
Jeb Bush
Mitt Romney
Paul Ryan
Marco Rubio
Mike Huckabee

107. Are nominations to democratic
What are the pros and cons of the nomination and campaign process?
What impact has BIG campaigns had on the scope of government?

108. Essential Questions: How does various unelected groups influence the political process, the political landscape and the United States governing institutions?
Students Can:
Decipher how elections in the United States maintain the Constitution principle of populism and the Madisonian Model.
Disseminate the level of democratic empowerment of elections in carrying out populism in the United States
Agenda
Courting the vote
The Midterm Wave of 2018
Policies that aren’t apathetic
Homework
2018 Rap Presentation

109. Courting the Vote
How do candidates run an effective campaign in the modern area of politics? (Factors will be important to win)
Describe ONE major difference between campaigning in a general election vs. in a nominating elections.
Explain TWO ways that campaigning for the president is different than for Congress.

110. Congress v. Presidential Elections
1. Congress – regional elections v. President – national elections
2. House of Representatives are less competitive than Senate or Presidential elections
3. Fewer people vote in congressional elections during off years (when there is no presidential election). (Voters in off year are more activist thus more ideological)
4. Presidential popularity affects congressional elections, even during off years. This tendency is known as the coattail effect. (this effect has shrinking in recent years)
5. Mass media plays a great role in presidential election than in congressional
6. Members of Congress can deny responsibility, but presidents have to take the blame

111. 2000 Election
Due to recount problems in Florida many criticized local controlled of election, especially in poor precincts. Even the Supreme Court argued in Bush v. Gore that states need to rethink the elections process.

112. Impact of Campaign Expenses
Every 4 years America spends $2 billon on local, state, and national elections
Many politicians argue that they are constantly fundraising which takes a way their job

113. Solutions
Public funding of campaigns – incumbents don’t want to give up their advantage
Doctrine of sufficiency – all you have to do is raise enough money (that does not necessary mean more than your opponent

114. Impact of Campaigns Three effects on voters
1. Reinforcement – reinforces voter’s preferences (true)
2. Activates – activates voters to donate money and ring door bells (true)
3. Convert – change voters’ minds (hardly ever)

115. Weakening campaigns
Selective perception: people pay the most attention things they agree with (reinforces)
Factors such as party identification are less of a factor
Incumbency advantages (name recognition)

116. Other issues with campaigning
Solutions for campaign reform always is make the more democratic
We have open elections to more people
Problems: extended the nomination process, which overwhelms some people they don’t participate
Keeps some high profile capable politicians from running
Campaigns promote individualism, since they candidate gets to choose on their own what how to un their campaign

117. Political Party Impact
How much of an impact is today’s political parties having on American voters?
Write a two paragraph argument with supporting evidence on their impact on voting

118. Types of Elections
Nominating elections: primary (open, closed, and blanket) and caucus
General Elections: choose candidate for elected office
Issue elections: referendums (bonds, state constitutional amendments)
- Initiative petition: get 10% of voting population to sign a petition to propose a law

119. How have elections changed
Compare and contrast the elections of 1800, 1896, and 2004
Describe major changes to the campaign and election process.
Evaluate which way is better.

120. Election of 1800 No nomination election No campaign speeches
Political party ran the whole process
Media was biased on both sides
Focus was on states legislatures because they choose the slate of electors
Electoral College tie which almost resulted in the 3rd place finisher stealing the election (12th Amendment President and VP run together)

121. Election of 1896
National Convention, but the political party still in charge of selecting the candidates
Bryan campaigns across the nation giving speeches and McKinley does not
Economic issues major campaign focus
McKinley wins on the basis of the Northeast – more population

122. Election 2004
Candidate centered politics, nominating elections, campaign finance, and attacking opponent out of the gate
Issues with 2000 election still affecting the country
Bush had polarize the country (New era of Republicans)
Bush issue strengths: tax cuts, strike first at your enemies, morals, and strong leadership
Kerry issue strengths: economy, healthcare, and education

123. Characteristics of a Nominee
Political experience
Knowledgeable of the issues and the workings of government
Connected to make things happened
Background
Ideology
Scandals
Presentation
Professional
Relatable
Positive
Platform
Views on the issues
Supporting change
Support
Can build public support
Financial backing to run

124. Debate Organization Opener – 1 person Crossfire#1 – 4 v 4
Summarizer 1 – 1 person
Crossfire#2 – 4v4
Summarizer 2 – 1 person
Crossfire#3 – 4v4
Closer – 1 person