1. Bell work 10-27

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3. Copyright© 2015 EducAide Software Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Reminders Test corrections during AST, before or after school
End of three weeks is TOMMORROW
Cell cycle and DNA test 11-6 counted

5. Quiz about DNA

6. Today in class
describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication Talk about how DNA is replicated

7. Review about DNA

8. What is the structure below called?

9. What are the three pieces that make up a nucleotide?
Phosphate
Nitrogen Base
Sugar

10. What kinds of bonds exists between the Bases of DNA?

11. Watson and Crick found that DNA was in the shape of an?

12. Adenine always binds with______
Cytosine always binds with_____
Thymine always binds with_____
Guanine always binds with_____

13. Gerenal Chrmosomes DNA: Directs cell activity
Gene: a segment of DNA that transmits information.
Chromosome: a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins.
Chromatid: copy of a chromosome.

14. Chromosomes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Found in the nucleus
DNA is found in the cytoplasm (nucleiod region)
Single circular DNA molecules
DNA replication begins at a single point in the chromosome & proceeds in both directions until the chromosome is replicated
Eukaryotes
Found in the nucleus
Chromosome number varies between species
DNA replication occurs at hundreds of places called replication forks

15. Chromosomes How much DNA in a human nucleus? What is chromatin?
more than 1 meter
What is chromatin?
DNA tightly coiled around proteins called histones

16. Chromosomes How are chromosomes constructed?
DNA & histones form beadlike structures called nucleosomes
Nucleosomes pack with one another to form thick fibers
Fibers are shortened by a system of loops & coils

17. Replication

18. Replication – General Info
The exact copying of DNA
Replication occurs in both directions
DNA must be copied before cells divide  each daughter cell has a complete set of DNA
Original strands serve as templates for new strands

19. Replication – General Info
How it happens:
Helicase (enzyme) unwinds the DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds

20. Replication – General Info
DNA polymerase (enzyme) joins individual nucleotides to each separated strand, producing DNA molecule
DNA polymerase also proofreads each new DNA strand to make perfect copies

21. Replication – General Info
Results: 2 DNA molecules  each contains one original
strand & one new strand

23. Sometime a MUTATION can occur
Changes in DNA that affect genetic information

24. What Causes Mutations?
There are two ways in which DNA can become mutated:
Mutations can be inherited.
Parent to child
Mutations can be acquired.
Environmental damage
Mistakes when DNA is copied

25. How are they inherited
Only mutations to the gametes (egg and sperm cells) can be passed on to offspring. Mutations in body cells only affect the organism in which they occur. They cannot be passed on to offspring.

26. Significance of Mutations
Most are neutral
Eye color
Birth marks
Some are harmful
Sickle Cell Anemia
Down Syndrome
Some are beneficial
Sickle Cell Anemia to Malaria
Immunity to HIV

27. DNA Cut and Paste Directions:
1. Cut out the following shapes.
2. Fold the color of paper that corresponds to the shape that you are cutting so that you do not have to cut so many (4 at time is good).
3. The following are the color combinations for the shapes
Yellow – 4 A shapes – write A on both side of the paper
Green – 4 G shapes – write G on both sides
Blue – 4 T shapes – write T on both sides
Orange – 4 C shapes – write C on both sides
White – 16 S shapes – write S on both sides
Black – 16 P shapes – write P on both sides
4. You are now going assemble 16 individual nucleotides, matching the dots (*) to dots and pluses (+) to pluses. Use glue to hold the nucleotides together.

28. Table of Contents Pre-AP only Root words page 74 Cell Cycle notes page DNA notes page 77 DNA Double Helix Activity DNA Cut and Paste paper 80 Bell work page 81 DNA Replication 82-83