1. Iosif S. Shklovsky and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Georgij Rudnitskij, Yurij Efremov, and Lev Gindilis
Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University

2. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
Nature, Vol. 184, Number 4690, pp , September 19,
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3. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
Giuseppe Cocconi (1914 – 2008)
Philipp Morrison (1915 – 2005)
2016 June 22
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4. OZMA Project (1960) l = 21 см, t Ceti, e Eridani
26-m Green Bank telescope
Frank Drake
2016 June 22
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5. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
Drake’s Formula (1961)
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6. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
Возможна ли связь с разумными существами других планет?
«Природа», 1960, № 7, с. 21.
Is communication with intelligent beings of other planets?
Priroda, 1960, No. 7, p.21
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7. I. Shklovsky. Universe. Life. Intelligence
1st Ed rd Ed th Ed th Ed th Ed
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8. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
Carl Sagan ( )
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9. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
Intelligence
Life Universe
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10. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
SETI conferences
Byurakan, 1971
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11. Santa Cruz, California, August 1991 All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
SETI conferences
Byurakan, 1964, 1971 Zelenchukskaya, 1975 Tallinn, 1981 Val Cenis, 1990 Santa Cruz, 1991 … … … Paris, UNESCO, 2008
Santa Cruz, California, August 1991
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12. Kardashev three types of civilizations
Type I
Civilization capable to consume the entire energy available on the planet
Type II
Civilization capable to consume the entire energy available from the star
Type III
Civilization capable to consume the entire energy available from the galaxy
Transmission of information by extraterrestrial civilizations
Astron. Zhurn. 41, p. 282 (1964).
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13. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
Dyson Sphere
Freeman Dyson
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14. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
Fermi Paradox (1950)
Where is everybody
Enrico Fermi (1901 – 1954)
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15. But why – the opinion of these astronomers were rather different.
The silence of space is a crucial scientific fact. Let all the observations have covered only a negligible range of time, and facilities, and technology (the "search for a needle in a haystack"), nevertheless we certainly might note some obvious signs of activity of superpower civilizations. During only a few million years, a civilization, which technologically evolving with our current rate, would take resources throughout the whole Galaxy. In our stellar system, billions of stars older than the Sun and the Earth by several billion years. If other civilizations exist, then in our solar system would have been clear signs of their existence – so where is everybody? This question was asked long ago by Enrico Fermi. Rightly says N.S. Kardashev: the Fermi paradox is the biggest mystery of nature.
M. Hart and I.S. Shklovsky proposed a radical solution to the paradox: THEY are silent just because they simply are not there...
But why – the opinion of these astronomers were rather different.
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16. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
Meanwhile I.S. Shklovsky (Zelenchuk conf., 1975; Вопр. Философии, 1976) came to the same conclusion as Hart – we are alone – but basing on quite different assumption.
Silence of Cosmos means that, having reached a certain stage of development, the Mind dies everywhere - before contacts with other civilizations.
It was the time of nuclear missile confrontation and the coming destruction of mankind seemed likely. For human civilization the ability to search for OTHERS appeared simultaneously with the ability of self-destruction.
The conclusion drawn by IS Shklovsky, was sad - the mind is something like a hypertrophic adaptation, such as saber-toothed tiger canines, first assisting in the fight for survival, but after a change in external conditions causing nothing but harm.. He wrote (1985) that "standing on the view that the mind - it's just one of the numerous inventions of the evolutionary process, and, it is possible, resulting in an evolutionary dead end, - we, first, may better understand man's place in the Universe and, secondly, may explain why there are no cosmic wonders. "
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17. The probability of finding two civilizations at the giving time moment
The silence of the Universe, however, can also be explained in less radical terms. In his book LM Gindilis (2004) gives some 20 possible reasons for the Great Silence. One of most probable was proposed by Stanislaw Lem long ago. He noted that the characteristic scale of technological development on Earth, whether you begin with Maxwell-Hertz or with Popov-Marconi, is only 100 or 150 years. Even starting with the ancient Greeks there has elapsed a period of time only one order greater, whereas the age of the oldest stars is greater by eight orders. We are unable to imagine the potential of humanity even 100 years from now, not to speak of a billion years– surely, if the development of science, and our own existence, will continue that long. Our experience may demonstrate that the longevity of comparable development – the window of contact, as it was called by Lem - is quite short. He wrote that if a nuclear explosion was observed on the Moon before 1939, it were explained as an asteroid impact. How many phenomena of such a kind we observe - and explain wrongly today – nobody knows…
The probability of finding two civilizations at the giving time moment
at similar levels of development, is very small, and therefore chances of finding intelligent siblings nearby are negligible. .However, what might be a reason for them to send signals? Searches for some unintended signatures of their existence are necessary. Indeed, Kardashev’s team is looking to IR-sources for possibility some of them might be artificial Dyson spheres, preserving warm for a planet habitants…
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18. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
Many believe that we have long been the witnesses of activity of another intelligence, but do not realize it. Thus suspicion has fallen on the active cores of galaxies, possessing, like Cyg A, long narrow jets (sometimes up to several megaparsecs in length), from which is emitted a substance with subrelative speeds. Anyway, the collimation mechanism of emissions from quasars and radiogalaxies, from object SS433 and young stars, – and also from objects generating gamma-bursts – the mechanism that makes these jets so narrow - is not yet completely clear. The famous astrophysicist B. Paczynsky wrote (astro-ph/ , 4 Nov1999):
“There is plenty of observational evidence that a huge diversity of rotating objects generates either bipolar outflows or jets - the phenomenon is obviously natural, as it appears so commonly in nature. Yet, there is no quantitative theory of the phenomenon that could explain (without ad hoc assumptions and ad hoc free parameters or free functions) what outflow velocities, or what rates of mass loss, should be associated with any particular object. The same applies to gamma-ray bursts and the current attempts to explain why their ejecta are likely to be beamed”.
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19. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
Anyway there are strong arguments (based on wide-spread abundance of PAHN molecules everywhere in galaxies, special properties of water, and evidence for the cosmic origin of life on the Earth) – that life (and the intelligent life as well) might resemble everywhere that one what we are participated in here, on the Earth. Among other the arguments for this - exceptional properties of carbon, the main carrier of earthly life. Carbon atoms can combine into long chains and rings, and so we are aware of hundreds of thousands of carbon compounds - compared with – combinations of all other elements together. Carbon compounds are observed in all the gas clouds throughout the Universe. The dark lanes of cold dense gas observed along the spiral arms of galaxies contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules, which include also nitrogen - and such molecules are part of the chlorophyll. Universal and unique properties of molecules PAHN may imply that everywhere in the universe life developed on their basis. And intelligent life too.
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20. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
«Water Window»
HI 21 cm OH 18 cm (H+OH=H2O)
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21. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
Arecibo 305 m 21 cm
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22. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
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23. International Journal of Astrobiology Cambridge University, UK
Since 2002
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24. Drake’s formula revised
Number of civilizations in the Galaxy: Propagation of life – Self-destruction – 300 No life propagation – 31000
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25. Drake’s formula revised
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26. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
New SETI capabilities
Optical range
X rays and gamma rays
Gravitational waves
Neutrinos
Topological tunnels
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27. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
Allen Telescope Array
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28. Square Kilometer Array
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29. All-Wave Astronomy. Shklovsky-100
Thank you!
2016 June 22
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