1. THE INTERNET REVOLUTION AND THE INFORMATION EXPLOSION

2. Getting Started
The abacus, in the fourth century, was the first device to help simplify those calculations. Many consider it the prelude to modern computers.
There were other ‘calculating devices’ developed over the following centuries; some have been lost to time.

3. History of Computers - Way Back When
Slide Rule
Slide Rule 1630
based on Napier’s rules for logarithms
used until 1970s

4. History of Computers - 19th Century
Joseph Marie Jacquard
First stored program - metal cards
Did no computing
first computer manufacturing
Charles Babbage knew of and intended use…
Jacquard Loom

5. Getting Started
The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century spurred the greatest progress with the spread of machines and automation, culminating in the technological revolution of the 20th Century.

6. Charles Babbage - 1792-1871 Analytical Engine Difference Engine c.1822
huge calculator, never finished
Analytical Engine 1833
could store numbers
calculating “mill” used punched metal cards for instructions
powered by steam!
accurate to six decimal places
Inspiration for Herman Hollerith for 1890 census

7. Machine language 8 bit word example, list of instructions:
…. Etc.
What instructions did that give the computer?
Computer language:
Grace Hopper, Cobol
Common language today: Python

8. Vacuum Tubes First Generation Electronic Computers used Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits inside.
Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry.
Room size computers, machine language

9. Mainframe Computers
First attempt to harness electronic technology was at Iowa State University:
Professors John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built the first electronic digital computer.
From 1939 until 1941, they worked at developing and improving the ABC, Atanasoff-Berry Com- puter, as it was later named.
Nazis and WWII: Bletchley Park / Alan Turing

10. UNIVAC –
First fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S.
Created at the University of Pennsylvania
contained 18,000 vacuum tubes
Cost $487,000
ENIAC that preceded it (late 1940s) weighed 30 tons

11. Grace Hopper (1906-1992) Programmed UNIVAC
Recipient of Computer Science’s first “Man of the Year Award”
First compiler for a computer programming language, led to COBOL

12. First Transistor Used Silicon (semiconductor) developed in 1948
won a Nobel prize
on-off switch
2nd Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956
Bill Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. working for Bell Labs

13. Other Important People
Vannevar Bush
Douglas C. Englebart
Jack Kilby (noted below)
Shockley, Brattain & Bardeen (as listed above)
Shockley: Fairchild Semiconductors / started Silicon Valley – working for him included Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce, started Intel

14. Second Generation Computers – 1965-1963
1956 – Computers began to incorporate Transistors
Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors
Note introduction of the Integrated Circuit
Jack Kilby (1958 – Texas Instruments) and Robert Noyce (Fairchild Semiconductors) separately invented the IC or integrated circuit at the same time. (Noyce and Gordon Moore -> Intel

15. Integrated Circuits
Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips).
Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated together into a single “chip”
First one made by Texas Instruments in 1958

16. Operating System Software – Instructions for Computer
‘Operating system’ is set of instructions loaded each time a computer is started
‘Program’ is instructions loaded when needed

17. Third Generation – 1964-1971 1964-1971 Integrated Circuit
Operating System
Getting smaller, cheaper
Still only for computer tech people

18. The First Microprocessor – 1971
Intel 4004 Microprocessor
The 4004 had 2,250 transistors
four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)
108Khz
Called “Microchip”

19. What is a Microchip? Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC)
Transistors, resistors, and capacitors
4004 had 2,250 transistors
Pentium IV had 42 MILLION transistors
Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6 meters)
The Intel Pentium D processor had 230 million transistors

20. 4th Generation – began 1971 MICROCHIPS!
Getting smaller and smaller, but we are still using microchip technology

21. Birth of Personal Computers - 1975
MITS Altair
256 byte memory (not Kilobytes or Megabytes)
2 MHz Intel 8080 chips
Just a box with flashing lights
cost $395 kit, $495 assembled.
Bill Gates / Microsoft start

22. First Mass Market PC

23. Early PCs
Radio Shack
Commodore
And…

24. IBM PC - 1981 IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture
First wide-selling personal computer used in business
8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors
4.77 Mhz processing speed
256 K RAM (Random Access Memory) standard
One or two floppy disk drives
Open architecture
Unintentionally led to Windows dominance
DOS – typed in inputs

25. Apple Computers Founded 1977 Apple II released 1977 Macintosh (left)
widely used in schools
Macintosh (left)
released in 1984, Motorola Microchip processor
first commercial computer with graphical user interface (GUI) and pointing device (mouse)
Where did GUI originate?

26. ARPA Created
In response to Sputnik launch, US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense
Dr. J.C.R. Licklider (‘Lick’) was chosen to head ARPA's research in improving the military's use of computer technology.
Moved ARPA's contracts from the private sector to universities and laid the foundations for what would become the ARPANET.

27. Packet-Switching is Key
Packet-switching (PS) networks developed
The Internet relies on packets to transfer data.
Data is split into tiny packets that may take different routes to a destination. (vs. circuit switching)

28. The Birth of the Internet
The plan was unprecedented: Leonard Kleinrock, a pioneering computer science professor at UCLA, and his small group of graduate students hoped to log onto the Stanford computer from UCLA and try to send it some data.
Vinton Cerf
develop TCP/IP w/ Bob Kahn
Steve Crocker
developed ARPANET network protocol
Mike Wingfield
Wingfield built the hardware interface between the UCLA computer and the first IMP
Jon Postel
developed Domain Name System, FTP, Telnet, and the Internet Protocol.
Bill Naylor

29. The Birth of the Internet
Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents program to send messages across a distributed network. The original program was derived from two others:
an intra-machine program (SNDMSG) and an experimental file
transfer program (CPYNET)
15 nodes (23 hosts) on ARPANET.

30. The Birth of the Internet
takes off, Internet becomes a reality
Number of hosts breaks 100.
THEORYNET provides electronic mail to over 100 researchers in computer science (using a locally developed system and TELENET for access to server).
News Groups born
USENET established using UUCP.
A collection of discussions groups, news groups.
3 news groups established by the end of the year
Almost any topic now has a discussion group.

31. The Birth of the Internet
News Groups born
Computer Science Department research computer network established in USA.
USENET established using UUCP.
USENET still thrives today.
A collection of discussions groups, news groups.
3 news groups established by the end of the year
Almost any topic now has a discussion group.

32. The Birth of the Internet
TCP/IP defines future communication •DCA and ARPA establishes the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, for ARPANET.
Leads to one of the first definitions of an Internet as a connected set of networks, specifically those using TCP/IP.
Internet gets larger
Name server developed.
There is such a large number of nodes that its hard to remember exact paths
Use meaningful names instead.

33. The Birth of the Internet
Growth of Internet Continues
Number of hosts breaks 1,000.
Domain Name Server (DNS) introduced. Instead of it is easier to remember something like
( e.g.
Power of Internet Realized
5, 000 Hosts. 241 News groups.
NSFNET created when NSF establishes 5 super-computing centers to provide high-computing power for all -- This allows an explosion of connections, especially from universities.

34. The Birth of the Internet
Commercialization of Internet Born
Number of hosts 28,000.
UUNET is founded with Usenix funds to provide commercial UUCP and Usenet access.
1988
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed
Large growth in Internet
Number of hosts breaks 100,000
First relays between a commercial electronic mail carrier and the Internet

35. The Birth of the Internet
English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
He wrote the first web browser computer program in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland.
This ‘GUI’ drastically changed access to the Internet.
Marc Andreesen – Mosaic / Netscape
W3C

36. The Internet Revolution and the Information Explosion

37. Social Networking
In the past two years, the digital revolution entered a new era, according to the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism. The age of mobile in which people are connected to the web, wherever they are, arrived in earnest. More than four in ten American adults now own a smartphone. One in five owns a tablet. New cars are manufactured with the Internet built in. With more mobility comes deeper immersion into social networking. Five technology companies account for 68 percent all online ad revenue and that does not include Amazon and Apple, which get most of their dollars from transactions, downloads and devises. By 2015, Facebook is expected to account for one out of every five digital display ads sold.

38. Social Networking in Cyberspace
MySpace
Facebook
Craig’s List
Twitter
Digg
Second Life
The first social networking sites began appearing in the late 1990s with Classmates.com, which helped people find former classmates, and SixDegrees.com which connected friends together. However, these sites failed to keep their members actively engaged within the communities and lost audiences in 2002 to Frienster.com, which is considered the first official social networking site. It was different than the other two because it allowed members to manage their own personal Web pages. Technological problems hampered its development, and it became encumbered by a board of directors which began censoring profiles. Its demise opened the doors to MySpace in It was described as nothing short of a cultural phenomenon. It was likened to the equivalent of one’s high school lunchroom, the college quad, or a favorite bar, except it didn’t sell much of anything. It attracted the eye of Google which paid some $900 million for MySpace.

39. Mark Zuckerberg’s
MySpace now takes a backseat to Facebook, launched on February 4, It was originally open only to students at Harvard, where its founder Mark Zukerberg attended. He soon opened its doors to students at other college campuses as long as they had a school-based address. A year later, it expanded to include university students, then high school students, and, finally, to anyone older than 13 years old. Facebook differs from MySpace in that its content is easy to read and organized in a systematic way.
It is amazing what this 19 year old kid started. Its growth has been astonishing. In December 2006, it had 1.2 million users. By December 2009 it had 350 million. Today it is growing at a rate of 700,000 people a day. Every sixty seconds on Facebook, some 1,789,736 actions are performed. Those actions include: 510, 404 comments, 231,605 messages sent, 135,849 photos added, 98,604 friendships approved, 79,364 wall posts, and 55,304 links shared, among others. Facebook is the connective tissue for nearly a tenth of the planet. It is now the third largest country on earth and has more information about its citiaens than any government does. Zuckerberg, a Harvard dropout is its T-shirt wearing head of state.

40. President Hosni Mubarak
Facebook and the end of
President Hosni Mubarak
And this head of state and his invention toppled the reign of another head of state, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak on Feb. 11, Wael Ghonim, a marketing manager for Google and key player in the Jan. 25, 2011 protests, credited Facebook with the success of the Egyptian peoples uprising. The protests started in June 2010 when hundreds of thousands of Egyptians started collaborating content. Ghomin said “we would post a video on Facebook that would be shared by 60,000 people on their walls within a few hours. I’ve always said that if you want to liberate a society, just give them the Internet.”

41. Besides Facebook, the revolutionaries got help from
Those participating in the anti-Mubarak campaign were neophytes who turned to the Internet for guidance on how to rise up against their ruler. Besides Facebook, they got help from Twitter. Twitter.com lists about 30 million new classified advertisements each month. It currently sees about 50 million tweets per day, which breaks down to about 600 per second.

42. It has been said that no company inspires more awe, or more fear, than Google. Why? Google’s software initiatives encroach on every media industry—telephone, television advertising, newspapers, magazines, book publishers, Hollywood studios, and digital companies like Microsoft, Amazon, Apple, or eBay. The multinational public corporation invested in internet search and advertising technologies, among other things, was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were doctoral students at Stanford University. Today it is the world’s most influential Internet company. About 3 billion searches are performed daily on Google. This is about two million per minute, 121 million per hour, 88 billion per month. It currently makes about $30 billion a year from its search advertising business.

43. Finally, YouTube is a video-sharing website phenomena where on can upload, view, and share clips. It is under heavy criticism for failing to ensure that is online content adheres to principles in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Despite its warning to users, YouTube participants continue to upload unauthorized television clips , films, and music videos. Viacom has demanded $1 billion in damages in a lawsuit filed against YouTube, which, it says, has done little or nothing to stop infringement. Furthermore, it said that former Vice President Al Gore’s documentary, An Inconvenient Truth, has been illegally uploaded to YouTube, and received an astonishing 1.5 billion views by site users.

44. Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim started their venture when they were looking to make an easier way to share videos online and earn an extra buck to pay college tuition. After four months of trinkering with their inention in a Palo Alto, California garage, the trio previewed their site in May 2005.

45. The following year, it was named Time’s Invention of the Year and sold to Google. YouTube receives about 70 million unique U.S. visitors a month, making it the sixth largest audience on the web. Some 24 hours of video are uploaded every every minute.

46. YouTube Founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim
Acquired by Google for $1.65 billion
Daily uploads 150, ,000
350 million monthly U.S. visits
Sends 1,000 gigabytes of
data every second
Simply, more videos are uploaded to YouTube in 60 days than that of all three major U.S. networks created in 60 days than that of all three major U.S. networks created in 60 years. YouTube came of age when it hosted the CNN/YouTube Presidential Debates in 2008.

47. We have spent this unit talking about the birth of the computer and social media.
What does the future look like for both? Let’s take a look at this popular video..Did You Know?

48. Media Mega Mergers The BIG FIVE Time Warner Walt Disney
Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation
NBC Universal/GE
CBS Corporation
Maybe future: AT&T (DirectTV, trying to acquire Time Warner)
More importantly, in less than 25 years, the number of companies that own the major American media, including ventures on the Information Highway, has gone from 50 to 5. A mere five U.S. corporations now control the flow of news and information: what is heard or not heard, what is seen or not seen. Those five corporations are Time Warner, Walt Disney, Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp., NBC Universal/GE, and the CBS Corporations.
The big five have similar boards of directors with a total of 141 joint ventures, which makes them business partners with each other. And they even go through motions that, in effect lend each other money and swap properties when it is mutually advantageous. OF course, media conglomerates are not the only industry whose owners have become monopolistic in the American economy. However, media products are unique in one vital respect. They do not manufacture nuts and bolts, they manufacture a social and political world. Simply they decide what most citizens will or will not learn.

49. Mega Mergers Why did it come about?
American media scholar Robert McChesney states that Washington, D.C. has been very kind to the media corporations. Why? Because he says the most important commercial broadcasters are not part of the giant media conglomerates which have their own lobbying machines, and these firms are generous supporters of politicians through powerful lobbyists. The Wall Street Journal calls the commercial broadcasters “the most powerful lobby in Washington. According to Ben Bagdikian, these powerful lobbyists have pushed legislation that once gain favors vertical integration in which corporations have control of a total process, from raw material to fabrication to sales. Today government has become sympathetic to dominant vertical corporations, including those in the media, have remained largely unrestrained. According to Ted Turner, most independent media firms either get gobbled up by one of the big companies or get driven out of business altogether. He argues that instead of balancing the rules to give independent broadcasters a fair chance in the market, Washington continues to tilt the playing field in favor of the biggest players. McChesney argues that the major beneficiaries of the so-called Information Age are wealthy investors, advertisers, and a handful of enormous media, computer, and telecommunications corporations. Simply, he states, The history of American media is one continual victory of powerful corporate interests over everyone else. The powerful Big Five have become major players in altering the politics of the country, according to Bagdikian. They have been able to promote new laws that increase their corporate domination and that permit them to abolish regulations that inhibit their control. He says their major accomplishment was the Telecommunications Act of It was the first major overhaul of U.S. telecommunications law since the Communications Act of 1934 and opened the floodgates to media consolidation.

50. Mega Mergers
What impact will it have on the social and political environment of the nation?
When such a handful of powerful corporations control the flow of information, McChesney and Bagdikian say, the place of individual citizens diminishes. The interest of the corporate entity win out over the interests of the citizenry. In the history of the United States and in its Constitution, citizens are presumed to have the sold right to determine the shape of their democracy, according to Bagdikian. But concentrated media power in news and commentary, together with corporate issues and contributions in general, has diminished the influence of voters over which issues and candidates will be offered on Election Day.” He says the inappropriate fit between the country’s major media and the country’s political system has starved voters of relevant information. He says “It has eroded the central requirement of a democracy that those who are governed give not only their consent but their informed consent.”

51. Conclusion
The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century spurred the greatest progress with the spread of machines and automation, culminating in the technological revolution of the 20th century.
English economist and inventor Charles Baggage reasoned that a machine could do more than calculate mathematical problems.
In Conclusion:

52. Conclusion
Vannevar Bush saw computers as “an enlarged supplement to his memory” which advanced ideas for the personal computer and World Wide Web.
The Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik 1 on Oct. 4, Sputnik 1 changed the course of American research thinking and advanced computer technology in the United States.

53. Conclusion
The first social networking site in the 1990s launched numerous opportunities to connect with people with the most successful being Facebook and YouTube.
Five media conglomerates now manufacture a social and political world, deciding what most citizens will or will not learn.