1. Warriors, Conquistadors & Freedom Fighters
How did European colonies in Latin America and the Caribbean develop their independence?
Latin America

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How did European colonies in Latin America and the Caribbean develop their independence?

3. Aztec Review
The Aztec empire was located in central and southern Mexico. The Aztecs were the most powerful civilization at the time of European exploration.
Capital-Tenochtitlan. Modern day Mexico City.
The Aztecs were known for their warriors, engineering, human sacrifice, artwork and clan social structure.
In 1521, the Aztecs were conquered by the Spanish, led by Cortes.

4. Hernan Cortes—Conquistador
Born in 1485 in Spain
At 19, he sailed to the Americas to live and learn how colonies were run. He became mayor of a town in Cuba.
In 1518, he was told to go to Mexico to defeat the Aztecs. Upon getting there, other native groups joined them.
He was welcomed by the Aztec Leader, Montezuma II, so the Aztec defeat started easier than they had planned.
He went to Mexico with 11 ships, 500 soldiers, and 100 sailors. He was afraid his men would be afraid of the Aztecs so once he got there, he burned the ships. Success or death were their only options.

5. Montezuma II—Aztec Ruler
Aztec ruler from 1500 to Considered the greatest Aztec ruler.
Expanded the empire—forced conquered tribes to pay the empire high taxes and give their people for human sacrifices.
He thought Cortez was a god-like being and welcomed him with gifts and gold.
Cortez took him hostage and ruled his empire. In 1520, the Spanish and Aztecs fought and Montezuma was killed.
The Spanish destroyed Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City. For the next 300 years, Mexico was under Spanish control.

6. Inca Review – Incan Empire
Began in the early 1400’s.
Stretched over 2000 miles in western South America.
Known for wealth, textiles, roads, terrace farming, mathematics and accounting.
Spanish wiped out much of the culture, but the language (Quechua), farming techniques, and textile making remain a part of the local culture.

7. Francisco Pizarro Born in Spain in 1475 Pig farmer as a boy
In 1502 went to Hispaniola and learned about exploring and conquering
In 1523, he led a voyage to the west coast of South America, just south of Panama
He went with Vasco de Balboa on his famous exploration of Central America in which Europeans first sighted the Pacific Ocean.

8. Francisco Pizarro
He was told by Indian traders that there was a very rich country to the south.
In 1531, he became viceroy (governor) of the lands and took 3 ships, 200 men, and 3 dozen horses to conquer the Inca
He went back to Spain for permission to invade the Inca…this took him a couple years.
The king appointed him viceroy, or governor, of the lands he was going to conquer.

9. Atahualpa—The Last Sapa Inca (ah-tah-wahl-pah)
Fought with his brother about who would control the empire.
The Sapa Inca (lnca leader) was thought to be a descendant of the sun god.
Atahualpa was tricked by the Spanish under Pizarro in 1532, and this event made for the last of the Inca empire.

10. The Last Encounter with the Inca
A meeting was arranged between Pizarro and Atahualpa.
When Atahualpa approached, the Spanish attacked – he was ambushed!
Pizarro captured Atahualpa and demanded ransom.
He was executed in 1533 by Pizarro. This was the end of the empire.
At the meeting a small group of Spanish men hid around town and Atahualpa brought thousands of men. The Spanish had cannons and guns and horses…this frightened the Inca.
The Inca brought 24 tons of gold and silver, and Pizarro sent it back to Spain.
After the defeat, Pizarro grew wealthy. He founded Lima, Peru.

11. Spanish Settlements Pizarro became wealthy and powerful.
He founded Lima, Peru and built a palace.
Other Spanish were jealous of his wealth.
In 1541, Pizarro was killed in an attack on his palace.
For the next 300 years, the Spanish continued to rule the land.

12. The Columbian Exchange
What is it?
Named after Christopher Columbus.
The exchange of animals, plants, people, and diseases from the Old World to the New World and New World to Old World
New to Old: potatoes, tomatoes, corn, cacao bean
Old to New: diseases, horses, wheat, coffee beans, sugar cane
How did it affect Latin America?
The goods brought from Europe changed farming—plantations and slave labor were started.
The indigenous (native) population was defeated because of disease.
Horses allowed further and faster travel and ideas and goods spread.

13. The Columbian Exchange
Named after Christopher Columbus

14. Slavery in Latin America
Because of the Columbian Exchange, Europeans in America needed cheap labor.
Labor for mining the metals
Labor for farming the plantations
Why weren't’t the native people the slaves?
The natives were dying or weakened from disease, violence with the Europeans, and harsh conditions.
Many retreated to the mountains and jungles.

15. Slavery in Latin America
Brought from Africa by ship.
Most brought to the tropical areas of Latin America where plantations were large.
Conditions were very similar to the conditions that slaves in North America endured.
For 300 years slavery grew.
As different countries gained freedom in the 1800’s, slavery ended.

16. Descendants of Slaves
Many of the descendants of African slaves are part of the culture today.
Mulattoes - people with both African and European background.
People with only African ancestors and people with African and European ancestors make up a large part of the population in the tropics. Cuba-60%, Brazil-50%
Mestizos-A person with mixed Spanish and Native American background.

17. Influence on Language and Religion
As the Spanish and Portuguese conquered Latin America, they spread their language and religion.
Spanish
Most of Central America
Most of South America
Caribbean Islands
Portuguese
Brazil-because it is so large, almost as many people in Latin America speak Portuguese as Spanish.
Important to note that these were the official languages for government, business and power. However, many indigenous people still spoke their native languages

18. Influence on Language and Religion
Important to note that these were the official languages for government, business and power. However, many indigenous people still speak their native languages.
Others blended their native languages with European languages. For example, Haitians speak Haitian Creole-a blend of French and native African languages.

19. Influence on Language and Religion
When the conquistadors and settlers came to Latin America, they sent priests, friars, and monks to set up missions.
Some native groups were forced to say they were Christian, others mixed Christianity and their traditional beliefs.

20. A Desire for Freedom
The governments of Spain and Portugal ruled most of Latin America for nearly 300 years. Over time, the people being ruled by the Europeans became agitated over their treatment and conditions. The American Revolution in 1776 gave some in Latin American the idea that they too could be free. In 1789, the French Revolution showed that the kings of Europe could be beaten. These events encouraged Latin Americans in the belief that they might be able to overcome their European rulers.

21. ACTIVATOR Brainstorm:
What conditions make you want to advocate (stand up) for yourself or others? Why do those conditions make you want to advocate for yourself?

22. Toussaint L’Ouverture (“Opening”)
Born a slave in the mid-1700’s.
Father had been a free African who was captured and sold into slavery.
Plantation owner allowed him to learn to read and write.
In 1789 the French Revolution occurred and the new French government granted freedom to slaves in Haiti, but then in 1791, they took back the freedom.
Toussaint was furious and led a slave army to defeat the French troops and win freedom for slaves.
His father told him about freedom. He was lucky because his owner allowed him to learn to read and write. He read books that were popular in France about freedom and equality.

23. Toussaint L’Ouverture (“Opening”)
1793- French government abolished slavery. Toussaint led his men against invading British and Spanish troops.
He became in charge of Saint Dominique (Haiti) even though it was a French colony.
1802-Napolean, the French emperor, sent troops to regain control. Toussaint was captured and sent to France where he died.
By 1804, Haiti gained independence.

24. Simon Bolivar (“The Liberator”)
Born in 1783 into a wealthy family in Caracas (Venezuela)
Organized armies and gained independence from Spain for:
Bolivia (named after Bolivar)
Colombia
Ecuador
Panama
Peru
Venezuela
He was born wealthy in Venezuela and read a lot about freedom and equality. From he fought Spanish rule. Died of TB in 1830.

25. Miguel Hidalgo (“Father”)
Known as the Father of Mexican independence
Born in 1753
Had a good education
Worked among the native people and peasants and did not like how they were treated

26. Miguel Hidalgo
He was a priest who led a peasant army against the Spanish army in Mexico.
He was captured and executed by Spanish soldiers in 1811, but the war for independence continued.
In 1821, Spain withdrew the last of its troops and Mexico was independent.
The French were going to arrest him and instead of running, he went and rang the church bell and spoke to the people about the free Mexico.

27. Review
Recall and Respond
Define Mestizos, Criollo and Mulattoes