1. Natural Forces that Shape the Earth
Physical Geography
Natural Forces that Shape the Earth

2. Planet Earth Geologic History Plate Tectonics Earth’s Interior
Rock Cycle
Erosion and Weathering
Glaciers

3. Geologic History

4. Geologic History Precambrian Era Vulcanism Fault Ancient Sea
Igneous Rock

5. Geologic History Paleozoic Era Erosion Erosion Sediments Sediments
Igneous Rock

6. Geologic History Mesozoic Era Erosion Sediments Sediments Igneous Rock
Mountains Forming

7. Geologic History Cenozoic Era (Today) Cross Section of Canada 50 N
Sedimentary Mountains Eroding
Mountains Forming
Sedimentary Plains
APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS
PACIFIC OCEAN
ROCKY MOUNTAINS
Igneous Rock
ATLANTIC OCEAN
INTERIOR PLAINS
CANADIAN SHIELD

8. Plate Tectonics - Continental Drift

9. Plate Tectonics - Continental Drift

10. Plate Tectonics - Continental Drift
PROOF!

11. Plate Tectonics Map

12. Plate Tectonics Processes

13. Plate Tectonics Separating
Mid Atlantic Ridge

14. Plate Tectonics Separating

15. Plate Tectonics Separating

16. Plate Tectonics Separating

17. Plate Tectonics Colliding

18. Plate Tectonics Colliding

19. Plate Tectonics Sliding

20. Plate Tectonics Sliding

21. Plate Tectonics Sliding

22. Plate Tectonics Sliding

23. Plate Tectonics Sliding

24. Earth’s Interior HYDROSPHERE ATMOSPHERE Crust - 8-64 km thick
Air
ATMOSPHERE
Water
Crust
km thick
- cold & fragile
- Granite and Basalt
Land
LITHOSPHERE
Mantle
km thick
- hot & molten
- Magnesium and Silicon
Outer Core
km thick °C
- liquid Nickel and Iron
Inner Core
km thick °C
- solid Nickel and Iron

25. Rock Cycle MAGMA Heats and melts Cools and hardens IGNEOUS METAMORPHIC
Weathers, erodes, and deposits
Stresses or heats
SEDIMENTARY

26. Rock Cycle

27. Erosion and Weathering
Water – sheet erosion
Wind – massive dust
Storm during the 1930s

28. Erosion and Weathering
Wind Erosion
Hoodoos

29. Erosion and Weathering
Erosion by Gravity
Freeze and Thaw

30. Erosion and Weathering
Mountain (Alpine Glaciers)
Fiords

31. Glaciers of the Ice Age

32. Glacier Features
Glacial Erratic Glacial erratics are large pieces of rock that have been transported away from their source areas by moving glacial ice sheets. These can be found throughout southwestern Ontario and were carved out of the Canadian Shield and moved here by the ice.

33. Striations are scratches in rock made by rock held in the ice which scoured the earth as it moved over.

34. Drumlins are made of till and are formed at the base of a retreating glacial ice sheet by sediments washing out as the glacier melted. The narrow end points in the direction of retreat. Drumlins are evident around Kitchener and Guelph.

35. Potholes were formed by glacial meltwater streams carrying great amounts of sediment which eroded the rock.

36. Formation of Great Lakes