1. Question?
What does it mean to be neglected?

2. Objectives
Define salutary neglect & explain how it affected the colonies
Define mercantilism & explain how triangular trade & the Navigation Acts relate to it

3. England & Colonial America
Salutary Neglect: English policy of leaving the colonies to develop on their own.
The main goal of England: To make money

4. Mercantilism
Economic policy that states colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country

5. Mercantilism Economic idea
Mother Country
Raw Materials
& Gold/Silver
Finished Products
Colony

6. Navigation Acts Mercantilism laws to limit Colonial trade
All trade must be done on British boats
Colonies could only trade with Britain
Leads to smuggling
Mercantilism

7. Triangular Trade
England
Colonies
Africa
Middle Passage

10. French & Indian War (1754 – 1763)
The first major step in the road to Revolution

11. The French and Indian War
Why?
A War Between France and England and their allies in Colonial North America

12. The French and Indian War
Conflict between French and English over dominance in Europe in late 1600s and 1700s spilled over into America
In 1740 a common interest in Ohio River Valley led to tensions between French and British
Both sides built forts to claim territory

13. Battle over the Ohio River Valley
The French had set up trading posts and forts in Canada and the Ohio River Valley.
American Colonists saw them as a threat to westward expansion

14. The French and Indian War
In 1754 George Washington was asked to intervene for the British and expel the French
Washington’s troops defeated a small group of French but had to surrender when the French counterattacked (Fort Necessity)
The British suggested that the American colonies form an alliance with the Iroquois.

15. The French and Indian War
In 1755 British commander in chief, General Edward Braddock, appointed George Washington to serve as his aide.
Braddock and his troops were ambushed by the French and Indians and Braddock was killed.
Washington’s leadership saved the British from complete disaster.

16. French and Indian War (1754-1763)
In 1756 fighting between Britain and France spread to Europe and became known as the Seven Years’ War.
Britain’s allies fought the French in Europe which allowed most of Britain’s forces to be sent to North America and India.
The turning point of the war in North America occurred with a British victory at Quebec.

17. Albany Conference
During a meeting called the Albany Conference between the colonists and Iroquois, the Iroquois agreed to remain neutral
The conference issued the Albany Plan of Union – the first suggestion that the colonies unite to form a federal government.

18. United colonial effort to solve Indian problem
Albany Plan of Union (1754)
United colonial effort to solve Indian problem
Strengthen colonial defenses
Leads to stronger colonial unity

20. Causes of French & Indian War
Desire to control the Ohio River Valley
Lingering hostilities between the French and British & the Indians and Colonists
George Washington’s Fort Duquesne

21. French and Indian War (1754-1763)
The Treaty of Paris 1763 finally ended the war.
For the most part, French power in North America was eliminated.
The British now controlled Canada, the Great Lakes country, the Ohio River valley and Florida.
The Mississippi River became the boundary between the British and the Spanish claims in North America.

22. France Cedes (gives up) all its colonies in North America
The End of the War
France Cedes (gives up) all its colonies in North America

24. The French and Indian War
Why?
1- Great Britain accumulates a massive debt
2- Begins to enforce laws and tax colonists
Vocabulary- Salutary Neglect
British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of laws, meant to keep the colonies obedient

25. The Colonies Grow Discontented
The British victory caused an enormous British debt
Britain looked to its colonies to help pay for the war
In the spring of 1763, Pontiac, chief of the Ottawa people, united several Native American groups, including the Ottawa, Delaware, Shawnee, and Seneca peoples, to go to war against the British.

26. The Colonies Grow Discontented
They attacked forts and towns along the frontier
The British government did not want to pay for another war, so it issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 that limited western settlement.
Colonists were not allowed to settle in certain areas without the government’s permission.
The proclamation angered many farmers and land speculators

27. Proclamation of 1763
Prohibits the colonists from moving west of the Appalachians
Colonists upset: limiting the freedom rights of the colonists.
Proclamation ignored
9/22

29. Proclamation of 1763
Imaginary line created at Appalachian Mts. To keep settlers from moving west
Great Britain did not want to pay for soldiers to protect them

30. The Colonies Grow Discontented
In an effort to reduce Britain’s debt and pay for the British troops in North America, George Grenville, the British Prime Minister, implemented new tax policies in the colonies
Merchants smuggled goods in and out of America to avoid customs duties, or taxes paid on imports and exports.
Smugglers were sent before a naval court.

31. The Colonies Grow Discontented
Grenville also introduced the Sugar Act in the colonies
This act changed tax rates for raw sugar and molasses imported from foreign colonies
The act placed new taxes on silk, wine, coffee, pimento, and indigo
Merchants felt the Sugar Act hurt trade and argued that it violated traditional English rights

32. Sugar Act New tax: Lower than original tax Goal: Stop smuggling
Colonist Reaction: Protested it and then…
Ignored it and Continued to smuggle

33. The Colonies Grow Discontented
The Colonists argued that they were being taxed without representation in Parliament
To slow inflation – a rise in prices of goods and services because money has lost its value – Parliament passed the Currency Act of 1764.
This banned the use of paper money in the colonies.

34. The Stamp Act Crisis
To raise more money to pay for the war, Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765
Stamps were required on most printed materials
When the Stamp Act took effect, the colonists ignored it

35. Stamp Act First Direct Tax Britain ever placed on the colonists.
use of stamped paper for legal documents, newspapers and playing cards.
stamp was to be proof that the tax had been paid.
Extremely unpopular, massive protests

36. Stamp Act Congress Petition: - Please repeal the taxes Boycotts:
- Refuse to buy all British goods, until Stamp Act repealed

37. The Stamp Act Crisis
By the summer of 1765, mass meetings and demonstrations against the stamp tax took place
When the Stamp Act took effect, the colonists ignored it
Colonial merchants signed a nonimportation agreement, agreeing not to buy any British goods (boycott) until the Stamp Act was repealed

38. The Stamp Act Crisis
The protests led to the Stamp Act being repealed in 1766
Parliament passed the Declaratory Act, which gave them the power to make laws for the colonies. (an effort to assert its control)

39. Results Stamp Act repealed
Declaratory Act: Parliament has the power to pass laws on the colonies
period 7: 9/25

40. Colonial Concerns Quartering Act: British troops in colonial homes
Admiralty courts: No juries, defendants were “guilty until proven innocent”
“No taxation without representation”

41. Quartering Act 1765
Colonists could be forced to allow British soldiers in their home

42. Colonial Resistance

43. What did the colonists need in order to boycott English goods?

44. Homespun: Women make clothing in their homes

45. Townshend Acts
1767: Punishment for Stamp Act uprising
“Indirect Tax” to pay for royal judges
British troops to enforce the tax

46. The Townshend Acts
Charles Townshend introduced a set of regulations and taxes called the Townshend Acts.
It legalized the use of general search warrants called writs of assistance.
It gave British officials the right to seize property without following due process

47. The Townshend Acts
Virginia’s House of Burgesses passed the Virginia Resolves, stating that only the House had the right to tax Virginians.
Britain ordered that the House of Burgesses be dissolved.
Leaders of the House of Burgesses called a convention and passed a nonimportation law blocking the sale of British goods in Virginia

48. “No Taxation without Representation”
Believed that only colonial governments could tax them
Colonies had no members (Representatives) in Parliament
No voice or say in Parliaments decisions = no right to tax

49. Dickinson was against independence, but for “no taxation w/o representation”
Promoted the use of petition to remove taxes, if that didn’t work….. Boycott.
Daughters of liberty
Colonial Reaction
Some colonists were against independence, but for “no taxation w/o representation”. They promoted the use of petition to remove taxes, it that didn’t work….Boycott

50. Sons of Liberty
In Boston, Samuel Adams, the cousin of John Adams, started a group of patriots known as the Sons of Liberty.
The organization grew quickly throughout the colonies.
The Sons of Liberty organized outdoor meetings and demonstrations. They also intimidated stamp distributors.

51. Sam Adams Leader of the Sons of Liberty Propaganda
Committees of correspondence

52. Sons of Liberty
Radicals mainly from Boston
Enforcers of boycotts

53. Colonial Resistance (enforcement)

54. Boston Massacre (March 5,1770)
British soldiers fire on an unruly mob
Soldiers represented by John Adams
What is a massacre?

55. Boston Massacre
On March 5, 1770, British troops fired into a crowd of colonists in Boston.
A man of African and Native American descent was the first colonist to die in what became known as the Boston Massacre.
This man’s name was Crispus Attucks
The British were viewed as tyrants who were killing people standing up for their rights.

56. Was it really a massacre?
The Boston Massacre
Was it really a massacre?

57. The Boston Massacre

58. John Adams Lawyer Member of Sons of Liberty
Defender of British soldiers accused of murder

59. Townshend Acts: Results
Decline in exports
1770: Townshend Acts repealed
Tax remains on tea - to uphold its right to tax the colonies.

60. Homework
Answer questions 1-10 in study guide, review notes, and highlight key vocabulary words
Right now, answer this question:
The French and Indian War was a cause of the American Revolution because?

61. Massachusetts Defies Britain
Thomas Jefferson thought each colony should create a committee of correspondence to communicate with other colonies about British activities.
This helped unify the colonies and coordinate plans for British resistance.

62. Massachusetts Defies Britain
England’s new prime minister, Lord North, helped the British East India Company, which was almost bankrupt
To assist the company with tea sales, Parliament passed the Tea Act of 1773, which made East India’s tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea
American merchants feared this monopoly on the American tea trade was the first step by the British to force them out of business.

63. The Tea Act and the Boston Tea Party
Colonists opposed the monopoly that was created by Act
Tea was actually cheaper but some Local merchants were put out of business
Sons of Liberty Protested by dumping tea in harbor.
Disguised as Native Americans

65. Massachusetts Defies Britain
In December 1773, tea ships from the East India Company arrived in Boston Harbor
Colonists boarded the ship and dumped the tea into the harbor
This became known as the Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party led to the British passing four new laws called the Coercive Acts.

66. Massachusetts Defies Britain
These acts were an attempt to stop colonial challenges of British authority
The Coercive Acts violated several English rights, including the right to trial by a jury of one’s peers and the right not to have troops quartered in one’s home; passed in reaction to Tea Party
The Quebec Act gave more territory to Quebec and stated that a governor and council appointed by the king would run Quebec.

67. Massachusetts Defies Britain
The Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act became known as the Intolerable Acts.
The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in 1774.
The congress wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which expressed loyalty to the king but condemned the Coercive Acts and announced that the colonies were forming a nonimportation association

68. Intolerable Acts (1774) Closed Boston harbor
Massachusetts charter revoked
Colonists must house troops
Response to Tea Party

69. How did colonists react to British oppression?
Non-Importation Agreements- Colonists agreed to stop importing and buying British goods
Committee of Correspondence- groups formed to informed colonists about British violations
Violence, protests, propaganda

70. 1st Continental Congress Complete boycott of British good
Colonial Reaction
1st Continental Congress
Sept – Oct 1774
Complete boycott of British good
Restated allegiance to England
Association enforced by Sons of liberty

71. First Continental Congress
All colonies except Georgia sent representatives, the first time most of the colonies had acted together.
55 delegates attended the Congress
They wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances.
This declaration expressed loyalty to the king but condemned the Coercive Acts.

72. Causes and Effects of Tensions with Britain
Colonists protest that their rights have been violated
Nine colonies hold Stamp Act Congress
Colonists boycott British goods
Sons and Daughters of Liberty formed
Tea dumped into Boston Harbor during the “Boston Tea Party”
Twelve colonies attend the Continental Congress.
1764, Sugar Act
1765, Stamp Act
1767, Townshend Acts
1773, Tea Act
1774, Coercive Acts

73. The Revolution Begins
The town of Concord created a special unit of minutemen, trained and ready to fight the British at a minute’s warning.
The American Revolution was not just a war between Americans and British but a war between Loyalists and Patriots.
Americans called Loyalists, or Tories, remained loyal to the king and felt British laws should be upheld.

74. The Revolution Begins
The group included government officials, prominent merchants, landowners, and a few farmers.
The Patriots, or Whigs, thought the British were tyrants.
Patriots included artisans, farmers, merchants, planters, lawyers, and urban workers.

75. The Revolution Begins
There was a group of Americans in the middle who did not support either side and who would support whomever won.
On April 18, 1775, the British set out to seize the militia’s supply depot at Concord
To get there, they had to pass through Lexington
Patriots Paul Revere and William Dawes were sent to Lexington to warn the people that the Redcoats were coming.

77. The Revolution Begins
Dr. Samuel Prescott went on to warn the people of Concord
In Lexington, 70 minutemen were waiting for the Redcoats.
The Redcoats killed 8 and wounded 10
In Concord the British found 400 minutemen waiting for them.
The minutemen forced the British to retreat

78. Lexington & Concord (April 1775)

79. “Shot heard ‘round the world”
First Shots were fired as British troops engaged the "Minutemen"
British troops looking for munitions, but were forced to retreat to Boston
This is sometimes called the “Shot heard ‘round the world” because it started the American Revolution!

80. “By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled, Here once the embattled farmers stood, And fired the shot heard round the world”

81. Lexington & Concord
British search for: colonial weapons, Sam Adams and John Hancock
Casualties:
8 colonists killed
70 “Redcoats” killed, 300 injuries total

82. The Revolution Begins
After the battles of Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia to address the issue of defense
The Congress voted to adopt the militia army around Boston and name it the Continental Army
On June 15, 1775, Congress appointed George Washington to head the Continental Army

84. 2nd Continental Congress (May 10,1775)
Government of colonies during the war
Create army
Name George Washington head of Continental Army
Olive Branch Petition
Last ditch effort to prevent all-out war
Pledged loyalty to the crown
KING

85. The Revolution Begins
The Battle at Bunker Hill resulted in turning back two British advances (Breeds Hill)
An American officer said “do not shoot till you see the whites of their eyes.”
The colonial militia only retreated due to a lack of ammunition
It was a huge boost to American confidence that untrained colonials stood up to the feared British army
The British were trapped in Boston surrounded by militia.

86. Battle of Bunker Hill

87. Causes and Effects Causes Effects
Colonists’ tradition of self-government, known as Salutary Neglect
Americans’ sense of a separate identity from Britain
Proclamation of 1763
British policies toward the colonies after 1763
United States declares independence
A long war with Great Britain
World recognition of American independence

88. Factors contributing to victory for the American rebels
Diplomatic: Benjamin Franklin negotiated a Treaty of Alliance with France
Military: George Washington avoided the destruction of his army and his leadership kept the army together when defeat seemed inevitable.
Americans benefited from the presence of the French army and navy at the Battle of Yorktown.

89. Essential Knowledge
The rivalry in North America between Britain and France led to the French and Indian War, in which the French were driven out of Canada and their territories west of the Appalachian Mountains.
As a result o the war, Britain took several actions that angered the American colonies and led to the American Revolution. These included
Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, a region that was costly for the British to protect.
New taxes on legal documents (the “Stamp Act”), tea, and sugar, to pay costs incurred during the French and Indian War and British troops to protect colonists.

90. Recognition
Several slides come from the Power Point of bthone. US History. Smithtown, NY
Some have been changed slightly, but slides, 11,13,20,22,30,43,45,51, and 53 came from Mr. Thone’s PPT.