1. Chapter 20 Speech and Language Disorders
Chapter 20 slides in Children with Disabilities, Seventh Edition, Online Companion Materials. Copyright © 2013 Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Components of Communication
Brain: many of the functions related to hearing, speech, and language found in cerebrum
Frontal lobe: primary motor, Broca’s speech production area
Temporal lobe: primary auditory, Wernicke’s speech comprehension area
Occipital lobe: vision
Parietal lobe: somatesthetic (bodily) sensations
Two types of communication:
Receptive
Expressive
Chapter 20 slides in Children with Disabilities, Seventh Edition, Online Companion Materials. Copyright © 2013 Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Components of Communication (continued)
Hearing
Begins in utero
Consists of auditory perception and processing
Speech
Breath → larynx → vocal folds vibrate → articulation
Prosody (fluency)
Pitch, loudness, tempo, rhythm, rate, stress, and use of suprasegmentals
Language
Form, content, use
Chapter 20 slides in Children with Disabilities, Seventh Edition, Online Companion Materials. Copyright © 2013 Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Typical Development of Speech and Language
Year 1:
Preintentional communication → intentional
Joint attention, social cognition, cultural influences
First words, 12 months; “Theory of Mind”
Two waves of acquisition:
Developing form-function, “rule” knowledge
Refining skills, increased speed
Chapter 20 slides in Children with Disabilities, Seventh Edition, Online Companion Materials. Copyright © 2013 Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Bilingualism 16.8% of children ages 5–17
Two languages, two cultures: language socialization
Simultaneous or successive
Chapter 20 slides in Children with Disabilities, Seventh Edition, Online Companion Materials. Copyright © 2013 Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Communication Disorders
By 1st grade, 5% in U.S. diagnosed
For some, associated impairment
For majority, cause unknown
Chapter 20 slides in Children with Disabilities, Seventh Edition, Online Companion Materials. Copyright © 2013 Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Assessment Primary caregiver interview
Exam of oral motor, receptive/expressive language, speech sound skills
Audiological exam
SLP observations, assessments
Chapter 20 slides in Children with Disabilities, Seventh Edition, Online Companion Materials. Copyright © 2013 Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Types of Communication Disorders
Speech disorders
Articulation
Phonological processing
Resonance
Language disorders
Many causes; hearing impairment has impact
Varies from case to case
Fluency disorders
Ages 2–4: some average developmental disfluency
Greater disfluency (e.g., stuttering)
By age 7, more than half no longer stutter; therapy helpful
Chapter 20 slides in Children with Disabilities, Seventh Edition, Online Companion Materials. Copyright © 2013 Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Treatment Approaches Treatment Plan: Based on findings of assessments
Related to most appropriate research (evidence-based)
Individualized
Who, how, where of intervention important
Natural setting including caregivers
Enhanced relationships
Modeling/support
Improved ability for assessment
Team approach is best
Chapter 20 slides in Children with Disabilities, Seventh Edition, Online Companion Materials. Copyright © 2013 Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

10. Treatment Approaches (continued)
Capitalize on opportunities to use communication in routines and activities within child’s environment
Compensatory approach: strategies and supports to bypass limitations
Has not been shown to delay development
Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): customize based on child’s needs within activities
American Sign Language: choose 20–30 signs
Picture boards, object symbols
Speech-generating devices
No prerequisites to being AAC candidate
Chapter 20 slides in Children with Disabilities, Seventh Edition, Online Companion Materials. Copyright © 2013 Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Summary Communication disorders have a profound impact
Early assessment important
SLP-designed, individualized intervention
Team approach includes caregivers
Chapter 20 slides in Children with Disabilities, Seventh Edition, Online Companion Materials. Copyright © 2013 Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. All rights reserved.