1. Computer Graphics & animation
Topic 1
Introduction to
Computer Graphics & animation

2. Contents Introduction to Graphics and Animation.
History & Background of Graphics and Animation.
Applications of Computer Graphics and Animation.

3. What is Computer Graphics?
Computer graphics is commonly understood to mean the creation, storage and manipulation of models and images. (Andries van Dam)
Computer graphic is concerned with
all aspects of producing pictures or images using a computer.
the pictorial synthesis or real or imaginary objects from their computer based model.

4. What is animation?
Animation is the production of consecutive images, which, when displayed one after the other, convey a feeling of motion.
Moving diagrams or cartoons that are made up of a sequence of images displayed one after the other.
Animation - motion of object.
To animate = to give life to!

5. Computer Graphics Computer Graphics Synthesis of graphical images
Visualization :
creating an image from an abstract, symbolic description.
Generation of Synthesis Image
using graphical primitives
data from real world phenomena

6. What is graphic?
Refers to any computer device or program that makes a computer capable of displaying and manipulating pictures. The term also refers to the images themselves.
laser printers and plotters are graphics devices because they permit the computer to output pictures.
A graphics monitor is a display monitor that can display pictures.
A graphics card is a printed circuit board that, when installed in a computer, permits the computer to display pictures.

7. What is Interactive Computer Graphics?
User controls contents, structure, and appearance of objects and their displayed images via rapid visual feedback.
Basic components of an interactive graphics system:
input (e.g., mouse, tablet and stylus, force feedback device,scanner…)
processing (and storage)
display/output (e.g., screen, paper-based printer, video recorder…)

8. Why Computer Graphics? Humans communicate well with images
1/3 of your brain is devoted to visual processing
A picture is worth a few hundred megabytes

9. Why Computer Graphics? Developing Computational Capability
Rendering: synthesizing realistic-looking, useful, or interesting images
Animation: creating visual impression of motion
Image processing: analyzing, transforming, displaying images efficiently

10. Why Computer Graphics?
Better Understanding of Data, Objects, Processes through Visualization
Visual summarization, description, manipulation
Virtual environments (VR), visual monitoring, interactivity
Human-computer intelligent interaction (HCII): training, tutoring, analysis, control systems

11. Why Computer Graphics?
advances in the last decade due mostly to the microchip
software advances, especially in object-oriented programming and real-time rendering algorithms
Hardware advances continue to benefit graphics:
faster inexpensive microprocessors and dedicated graphics chips
screen technology: High-definition television (HDTV), colour LCD
virtual reality interfaces

12. Types of Computer graphics
Bitmap
Also known as raster images.
Made up of pixels in a grid.
Pixels are picture elements; tiny dots of individual color that come together to form the images you see.
Each element is in specific location of :
width
height
colour
brightness
Each element is stored in memory as bit.
A Bitmap Image--shown zoomed in with the original size in the upper right corner. Notice the individual pixels that make up the image.

13. Types of Computer graphics
Key Points About Bitmap Images: • pixels in a grid • resolution dependent • resizing reduces quality • easily converted • restricted to rectangle • minimal support for transparency
Common bitmap formats include: • BMP • GIF • JPEG, JPG • PNG • PICT (Macintosh) • PCX • TIFF

14. Types of Computer graphics
Vector
Vector images are made up of many individual, scalable objects.
Defined by mathematical equations.
Objects may consist of lines, curves, and shapes with editable attributes such as color, fill, and outline.
Changing the attributes of a vector object does not effect the object itself.
increase and decrease the size of vector images to any degree and your lines will remain crisp and sharp, both on screen and in print.
Vector and Bitmap Differences--vector images are not confined to a rectangular shape.

15. Types of Computer graphics
Key Points About Vector Images • scalable • resolution independent • no background • cartoon-like • inappropriate for photo-realistic images • metafiles contain both raster and vector data
Common vector formats include: • AI (Adobe Illustrator) • CDR (CorelDRAW) • CMX (Corel Exchange) • CGM Computer Graphics Metafile • DXF AutoCAD • WMF Windows Metafile
Fonts are a type of vector object

16. Difference Between 2D & 3D Graphics
2D Graphic has 2 dimensions: length and breadth.
Example: drawings, paintings,prints, photographs, are two-dimensional. They are flat surfaces.
3D Graphic
3D Graphic has 3 dimensions: length, breadth and depth.
Example: sculpture and pottery are three-dimensional; they take up real space.

17. Styles and techniques of animation
Traditional animation
Character animation
Limited animation
Rotoscoping ("painting on movies" )
Computer animation
skeletal animation
Per-vertex animation
Cel-shaded animation
Onion skinning
Analog computer animation
Motion capture
Tradigital animation
Stop-motion animation
Cutout animation
claymation
Pixilation
Pinscreen animation
Puppetoon
Drawn on film animation
Special effects animation

18. Brief History of Computer Graphics
Teletype printouts were first graphical output devices.
Light pens were an early input device.
CAD applications began in the 1960's.
Plotters also a 1960's development: high-resolution, but slow, main bottlenecks of computer graphics back then
cost of graphics hardware
expense of computer resources
batch systems weren't suitable for interactive graphics
non-portability of hardware and software
a new field: technology was primitive

19. Brief History of Computer Graphics
1950 MIT’s Whirlwind computer had computer generated CRTs mid 1950s SAGE command and control
1960s Ivan Sutherland’s thesis - Sketchpad
introduced data structures and interactive techniques

20. Brief History of Computer Graphics
1960s GM (General Motor) - developed CAD (Computer Aided Design) and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing)
1968 Tektronix storage tubes
1970s Boeing CAD CAM

21. Brief History of Computer Graphics
Mid 1970s engineering workstations and personal computers emerged separately
1980s new algorithms and techniques
new standards
ever more powerful system
transition from specialized field
1990s widespread use
low cost, but powerful personal workstations
networks
essential part of systems
now part of multimedia

22. Brief History of Computer Graphics
At first - progress was slow because
cost of equipment was high (specially memory)
significant computing resources needed
difficulty in writing software ( harder than it looks)
lack of standard and thus portability
lack of software tools

23. Brief History of Computer Graphics
Now - previous use
cost of equipment is low.
Most computer have necessary computing resources for graphics
established standards, implementations and tools
still difficulty in writing software ( still harder than it looks)

24. Some of Historical Picture
First truly interactive graphics system, Sketchpad, pioneered at MIT by Ivan Sutherland for his 1963 Ph.D. thesis. Sketchpad, A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System.
Note the use of a CRT monitor, light pen and function-key panel.

25. Some of Historical Picture
John VonNeuman
Mark I

26. Brief History of animation*
Before Disney’s era:
Egyptian wall decoration
Leonardo da Vinci drew limbs in different positions
The Japanese used scrolls to tell continuous stories
Giotto’s angels seem to flight in thier perspective motions *

27. Brief History of animation
In 1826 discovered a fundamental principle of the human eye: the persistence of vision
Frenchman Paul Roget the thaumatrope
In 1828 Joseph Plateau the phenakistoscope
In 1860 Pierre Desvignes inserted a strip of paper containing drawings on the inside of a drumlike cylinder. * *

28. Brief History of animation*
In 1906, after motion camera was developed, Stuart Blackton created first short film ”Humourous Phases of Funny Faces”
In 1910, John Bray, cell animation
1914 the first fully animated cartoon ”Gertie the Dinosaur” by Winsor McCay
In 1919 First strong screen personality Felix the Cat by Otto Messmer’s. *

29. Brief History of animation
Was developed not for artistic work.
Related for manufacturing, flight simulators.
1960s
The early years of computer graphics technology.
Artists and designers used to create images.
CADAM(Computer-aided design and manufacturing) was used to make the design process more effectively.

30. Brief History of animation
Became more practical and useful.
Significant decade for the development of 3D animation and imaging technology.
1980s
The proven of artistic and commercial potential.
A lot of research was conducted to enhance the hardware and software of graphics and imaging.

31. Brief History of animation
Prices of computer system significantly dropped, so encouraged visual professionals to integrate it with daily professional practices.
It became more powerful, practical and less expensive.
The Matrix, The Mummy, Star Wars, Stuart Little, Titanic etc.- the visual effect films
2000s
Gladiators, The Perfect Storm, Harry Potter, LOTR, King Kong etc.
What else?

32. Applications of Computer Graphics
Divided into 4 majors area:
Display of Information
Design
Simulation
User Interface

33. Display of Information
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Computerized Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Ultrasound
Positron-emission Tomography (PET)

34. Design Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Architecture
Design of Mechanical part
VLSI
etc...

35. Simulation Graphical flight simulator Robotic simulation
reduce training process
Robotic simulation
TV, Movie, advertising industries
generate photo realistic images
Virtual Reality (VR)
reduce risk of training
surgery
astronaut
The Concorde Panel.

36. User Interfaces Window Operating System Graphical Network Browsers
Windows Vista
MAC OS
Graphical Network Browsers
Internet Explorer
Netscape
Mozilla Firefox

37. Graphics Applications
Entertainment: Cinema
Pixar: Geri’s Game
Universal: Jurassic Park
Antz
A bug’s Life

38. Graphics Applications
Entertainment: Games
Aki Ross : Final Fantasy
Star Wars Jedi Outcast: Jedi Knight II
Quake III

39. Graphics Applications
Medical Visualization
The Visible Human Project

40. Graphics Applications
Visible Decisions SeeIT (
Information Visualization

41. Graphics Applications
Scientific Visualization

42. Graphics Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

43. Applications of animation
Art, Entertainment and publishing
Movie production, animation and special effect.
Computer games.
Browsing on the WWW.
Slide, book and magazine design.

44. Applications of animation
Monitoring a process
For highly complex systems
Simulation of production machine motion.
Power plants
Displaying simulation
Driving jet/ plane, war
Fact proving, e.g.: accident simulation
Virtual world

45. Professional Societies
ACM SIGGRAPH - Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group in Graphics.
IEEE - The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Technical Committee on Computer Graphics.

46. Standard Organization
ANSI - American National Standard Institute (private, non government).
ISO - International Standards Organization(voluntary, non treaty).
ANSI is a member of ISO.