1. Unit 4: Sensation, Perception and States of Consciousness
WHS AP Psychology
Unit 4: Sensation, Perception and States of Consciousness
Essential Task 4-11: Discuss drug dependence, addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal.
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B= Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

2. Perceptual Constancies
Sensation
Vision
The Eye
Theories
Hearing
The Ear
Other Senses
Smell
Taste
Pain
Gestalt Principles
Perceptual Constancies
Perception
Basic Principles
Visual Illusions
Depth Perception

3. Altered States of Consciousness
Stages/REM
Circadian Rhythm
Disorders
Hidden Observer
Actor
Sleep
Dreams
Hypnosis
Meditation
We are here
Waking Consciousness
Daydreaming and Fantasy
Altered States of Consciousness
Drug-Altered Consciousness
Substance Abuse
Stimulants
Depressants
Hallucinogens

4. Essential Task 4-11:
Outline
Dependence
Addiction
Tolerance
Withdrawal

5. Substance Use and Abuse
Using a substance but it does not yet interfere with a person’s life
Substance Abuse
Pattern of drug use that diminishes one’s ability to fulfill responsibilities
May result in repeated use in dangerous situations
May lead to legal difficulties related to drug use

6. Substance Use and Abuse
Dependence
Compulsive use of a substance
Also known as addiction
Can be physical, psychological or both
Withdrawal
After addiction, physical discomfort when the substance is stopped
Tolerance
More substance is required to obtain the original effect

7. Dependence (4 of the following 7 symptoms)
Developing a tolerance
Experiencing withdrawal
Using substance for a longer period or in greater quantities than intended
Presence of a desire or repeated attempts to cut back on use
Spending a lot of time using/obtaining the substance
Reduction or cessation of usual activities
Continued use despite awareness of drug’s harmful effects

8. Dependence
Psychological addiction is a psychological need to use a drug, particularly for relieving mental stress and negative emotions.
Physical addiction is the need for a drug to alleviate physical pain. When the drug is discontinued, there are several withdrawal symptoms.