1. February
Earth's Features !

2. Topographic maps are useful because they represent the three-dimensional image of the land by using lines and symbols.

5. Topographic maps show the location and shape of mountains, valleys, plains, streams, wooded areas, roads, buildings, and many other features.

6. Topographic maps are graphic representations of the surface of the Earth.
They provide:
a plan (bird's-eye) view of the land
scales to measure ground distances
bearings to indicate directions
coordinate systems to locate features
symbols for natural and cultural features
contour lines to show the elevation, slope, and relief of the landscape

7. Topographic maps are useful tools for planning highways, recreation areas, airports, housing developments, etc.
For you, topographic maps may be useful for recreational activities such as hiking, boating, camping, fishing or hunting.
How could you use a
topographic map when
camping?

8. What is Topography?
Topography is the configuration of the land surface, and it is shown on topographic maps with contour lines.
Map of Valleys
Map of Hills

9. What are contour lines?
A contour line is an imaginary line on the surface of the Earth connecting points of equal elevation.
If you walk along a contour line you neither gain or lose elevation.  

10. Contour Line Rules Each contour line represents one elevation.
Contour lines never cross!
The contour interval is the vertical spacing (difference in elevation) between contour lines is known as the.
Typical contour intervals are 10, 20, 50, and 100 feet.
The contour interval is generally given in the legend of the map.

11. Every fifth contour is printed darker.
These lines are called index contours.
If the contour interval on a map is 20 feet, then the 100', 200', 300' (etc.) contours will be index contours.

12. What is the contour interval?

13. List the elevation for: A: ___ B: ___ C: ___ D:____

14. Points on the map marked "BM" are called Bench Marks.
Bench marks are survey points of known elevation. The exact elevation of a point is given as "BM 60" (for an elevation 60 feet above sea level).
Closely spaced contour lines represent steep slopes.
Widely spaced contour lines represent gentle slopes.

16. How do streams and rivers flow
How do streams and rivers flow? downhill (from higher elevations to lower elevations).
When contour lines cross streams or rivers, they bend and form a "V" .
The point of the “V” points uphill or upstream. (Look at map and think about this for a minute.)
Note that where a contour line crosses a stream or river (or even a dry gully or valley), the contour lines are bent sharply, forming a "V".

19. List the elevations for A: ____ B: ____ C: ____ D: ____ E: ___

20. Closed depressions are indicated by contour lines that form roughly a circle, with short "tick marks" or "hachure marks" perpendicular to them on the downhill side.
A series of concentric contour lines in a rough circle represents a hill.