1. Chapter 21 Magnetism
SPS10. Students will investigate the properties of electricity and magnetism.
c. Investigate applications of magnetism and/or its relationship to the movement of electrical change as it relates to
Electromagnets
Simple motors
Permanent magnets

2. A. Magnetic Forces
Magnetic force is the force a magnet exerts on another magnet, on iron or a similar metal, or on moving charges.
Magnetic force is one aspect of electromagnetic force
Magnetic (like electric forces) act over a distance and is stronger at a closer distance.
Magnetic poles are the regions where the magnet’s force is strongest, one is the north pole and one is the south pole.
Like magnetic poles repel one another, and opposite magnetic poles attract one another

3. B. Magnetic Fields
Magnetic field surrounds a magnet and can exert magnetic forces.
A magnetic field, which is strongest near the poles, will either attract or repel another magnet that enters the field.
The field begins near the north pole and ends at the south pole.

4. 1. Magnetic Fields around Magnets
Using iron filings will help see how magnetic fields interact.
Magnetic field surrounds every magnet, the 1st picture shows how they start and end at the poles
2nd picture shows how two similar magnets repel each other, notice the field lines push away from each other.
3rd picture show how two opposite magnet poles attract each other, notice that the field lines line up.

5. Magnetic Field Around Earth
Earth is like a giant magnet surrounded by a magnetic field
Magnetosphere is the area surrounding Earth that is influenced by this field
Compass points north because it aligns with earth’s magnetic field
Magnetic declination is the angle between the direction to true north and to magnetic north

6. C. Magnetic Materials
Electrons move around the nucleus, and the spin of each electron causes it to act like tiny magnets.
In many materials the electrons is paired with another and the magnetic effects mostly cancel each other
Other materials have one or more unpaired electron and this unpaired electron produces magnetic fields
In few materials the unpaired electrons make a strong magnetic field (iron, nickel, cobalt)
Magnetic domain is a region that has a very large number of atoms with aligned magnetic fields
Ferromagnetic material can be magnetized because it contains magnetic domains
When a material is magnetized most of its magnetic domains are aligned.

7. 1. Nonmagnetized Materials
A material that is ferromagnetic does not mean it is a magnet
If the domains of the material are aligned randomly then the magnetization of the domains is canceled

8. 2. Magnetized Materials
You can magnetize a nonmagnetized ferromagnetic material by placing it in a magnetic field
Image below show the alignment of magnetic domains in magnetized iron.
In some materials the domains stay aligned for a long time, these are called permanent magnets
Heat or a jarring impact can realign the domains in a permanent magnet
If you cut a magnet in ½ it will still have a north and south pole
A magnet can never have just a north pole or just a south pole

9. 2. Magnetized Materials

10. 21.2 Electromagnetism
Unlike electric charges attract one another and like electric chares repel one another
Unlike poles attract one another and like poles repel one another
Electromagnetic force is the force associated with charged particles, which has two aspects: electric force and magnetic force
Electric force results from charged particles
Magnetic force usually results from the movement of electrons in an atom

11. 1. Magnetic Fields around moving charges
Moving electric charges create a magnetic field
The charges may be vibrating charges that produce electromagnetic waves or may be moving charges in a wire
Magnetic field lines form circles around a straight wire carrying a current.
Right hand rule is when you point thumb of right hand in direction of current, your fingers curve in the direction of the magnetic field

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13. 2. Forces Acting on Moving Charges
Recall electric field exerts a force on an electric charge
The force is either in the same direction as the electric field or in the opposite direction (depending on charge)
A charge moving in a magnetic field will be deflected in a direction perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the velocity of the charge
If a current-carrying wire is in a magnetic field, the wire will be pushed in a direction perpendicular to both the field and the direction of the current.

14. 3. Solenoids and Electromagnets
If you loop a current-carrying wire many times to make a coil the magnetic fields of the lops combine so that the coiled wires acts like a bar magnets
Solenoid is a coil of current-carrying wire that produces a magnetic field
If you place a ferromagnetic material (iron rod or nail) the strength of the magnetic field increases.
Electromagnetic is a solenoid with a ferromagnetic core
Changing the current in an electromagnet controls the strength and direction of its magnetic field

15. 3. Solenoids and Electromagnets
Hair dryers, telephones, and doorbells utilize electromagnets
The strength of an electromagnet depends on the current in the solenoid, number of loops in the coil and the type of ferromagnetic core.
Greater current produces a stronger magnetic field
Increasing the number of turns while keeping the current the same will increase the field strength
Cores that are easily magnetized make stronger electromagnets

16. B. Electromagnetic Devices
Electromagnets can convert electrical energy into motion that can do work
Electromagnetic devices such as galvanometers, electric motors, and loudspeakers change electrical energy into mechanical energy.

17. 1. Galvanometer
Galvanometer a device that uses a solenoid to measure small amounts of current.
The solenoid is attached to a spring that is free to rotate about an iron core and placed between poles of permanent magnets
When there is a current in the solenoid’s coils the resulting magnetic field attempts to align with the field of the permanent magnets
The greater the current the more the solenoid rotates.
A fuel gauge is an example of a galvanometer

18. 2. Electric Motors
Electric motor is a device that uses an electromagnet to turn an axle
A battery supplies current to a loop of wire through the commentator
As the commentator turns the direction of current switch back and forth
The coil’s magnetic field keeps switching direction and this turns the coil about an axle
For each ½ rotation of the wire loop, the current produced by the generator reverses direction or alternates
Video: Super Simple Electric Motor

19. 3. Loudspeakers
A loudspeaker contains a solenoid placed around one pole of a permanent magnet
The current in the wires entering the loudspeaker changes direction and increases or decreases to reproduce music, voices or other sounds
The change in current produces a change in magnetic field in the solenoid coil
Magnetic forces cause motion that produce sound waves