1. Trivia Question
In class this week, we will be talking about anisotropic medium. One example or anisotropic medium are crystals. One example of a crystal structure is diamond.
What is the LARGEST diamond (uncut) in the world? (WIKIPEDIA)
(1 carat diamond is 200 mg. 100 carats=0.044 lbs)
112 carats
195 carats
599 carats
970 carats
3106 carats

2. Trivia Question
In class this week, we will be talking about anisotropic medium. One example or anisotropic medium are crystals. One example of a crystal structure is diamond.
What is the LARGEST diamond (uncut) in the world? (WIKIPEDIA)
(1 carat diamond is 200 mg. 100 carats=0.044 lbs)
112 carats - Hope Diamond (US Museum of Natural History)
195 carats - Pink Panther (Fictional from Pink Panther Movies. Darya-ye Noor is largest pink diamond (Iran)
599 carats - Centenary Diamond
970 carats - Excelsior Diamond
3106 carats - Cullinan Diamond - Discovered in 1905, the Cullinan is, at carats ( g), the largest rough gem- quality diamond ever found. It was cut into 105 diamonds including the Cullinan I or the Great Star of Africa

3. Wood – Anistropic Material
Wood comes from trees…. Growth of wood includes ‘rings’ or ‘grain of wood’. The grain of wood gives wood mechanical strength.
Easier to break ALONG grain
Hard to break ACROSS gain

4. Wood – Anistropic Materialmg
Which orientation of the grain in the wood will support more weight? mg

5. Langer’s Lines
Langer's lines, also called cleavage lines, is a term used to define the direction within the human skin along which the skin has the least flexibility. These lines correspond to the alignment of collagen fibers within the dermis. (

6. Anisotropic Media
Remember, even a gas is anisotropic over a small enough spatial scale, so you need to compare the WAVELENGTH of the light to the SPATIAL SCALE of the anisotropy to determine if the material is indeed anisotropic to light.

7. Susceptibility Tensor
Fundamentally, the directionally dependent Susceptibility arises from different ‘spring constants’ in different directions.

8. Principle Axes of Common Crystals
Diamond Cubic Structure

9. Snell’s Law in Uniaxial Crystalno ne
E fields oriented parallel to z direction experience refractive index ne.
E Fields oriented PERPENDICULAR to z direction experience refractive index no.
E Field oriented partially along z direction and partially perpendicular experience BOTH refractive indices.

10. Ordinary and Extra-O waves

11. Phase Change in Uniaxial Crystals
Optical axis PARALLEL to surface in plane of page.
EiP ne k no
EiS L

12. Trivia Question
We have all seen ‘one way’ mirrors in use on TV police shows, in which of the following are one way mirrors NOT used? (a) The “Haunted Mansion” attraction at Walt Disney World (b) In Reality TV shows (c) Marketing research (d) Interrogation rooms (e) Security Observation rooms

13. Trivia Question All of them!!
We have all seen ‘one way’ mirrors in use on TV police shows, in which of the following are one way mirrors NOT used? (a) The “Haunted Mansion” attraction at Walt Disney World (b) In Reality TV shows (c) Marketing research (d) Interrogation rooms (e) Security Observation rooms
All of them!!

14. How do ‘one way’ mirrors work?
The cheap version (and most often used), makes use of a BRIGHT ‘interrogation’ room and a darkened ‘observation’ room. Between the two is a partially reflecting mirror (~50%). Bright room occupants see their own reflection from mirror. Dark room occupants see light from lighted room through partially reflecting mirror
More expensive method: Mirror fabricated as ‘optical diode’ or ‘optical isolator’. We will return to this concept later….

15. Animations of Electromagnetic waves
Linear Polarization
E and B fields
E and B with another polarization
E and B – Circular Polarization
E and B – Elliptical Polarization

16. Circularly Polarized Light
Note: Definition of ‘handedness’ depends on the textbook from optics or engineering which you use.
For our text book, use Right Hand Rule… Thumb in direction of light travel, fingers curl in direction that E Field is rotating.

17. Circularly Polarized Light
DELAY x component relative to y component by 90 degrees in phase
90 degrees equivalent to λ/4 OR
Use UPPER sign for Left Handed Circular polarization, BOTTOM sign for Right handed.

18. General Elliptical Polarization

19. Jones Vectors
Jones Vector
Factor of is included so that Jones Vector is NORMALIZED so that

20. Wire Grid Polarizer E
E Field strongly reflects – E field tries to drive current in conducting wire…. Acts like a mirror.
E Field mostly transmitted – width of wires too small to drive significant current. E

21. Polarizer

22. Polarizer – Arbitrary Angle
Transmission Axis

23. Phase Change in Uniaxial Crystals
Optical axis PARALLEL to surface in plane of page.
EiP ne
Optical Axis k no
EiS L

24. Jones Matrix for waveplates
If angle between LINEAR polarization of incoming light and Optical axis of ½ waveplate is θ, Output polarization is rotated by 2θ

25. Quarter waveplate
If angle between LINEAR polarization of incoming light and Optical axis of 1/4 waveplate is 45 degrees, Output polarization is converted to CIRCULARLY polarized light.
If angle is NOT 45 degrees, then in general get elliptically polarized light.

26. Multiple polarization Components-HW Problem

27. Liquid Crystal Display
By pixilating the display, one can independently control transmission through each pixel.
Did you ever notice that you can not see your car’s electronic display dashboard with polarizing sunglasses?

28. Polarizing Sunglasses

29. Photoelastic effect
Birefringence in a material can be induced by mechanical stresses which enables one (put material between two crossed polarizers) to visualize location of stresses

30. Chiral Molecules

31. Chiral Molecules
Because molecules are MIRROR images (image courtesy of WIKIPEDIA), there is a natural inclination to call them left handed and right handed molecules.

32. Rotation by Optical ActivityE
Chiral
Solution E k k L
Polarizer
Polarizer

33. Optical Isolator